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Nick K. Jones1,2*, Lucy Rivett1,2*, Chris Workman3, Mark Ferris3, Ashley Shaw1, Cambridge COVID-19 Collaboration1,4, Paul J. Lehner1,4, Rob Howes5, Giles Wright3, Nicholas J. Matheson1,4,6¶, Michael P. Weekes1,7¶1 Cambridge University NHS Hospitals Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK2 Clinical Microbiology & Public Health Laboratory, Public Health England, Cambridge, UK3 Occupational Health and Wellbeing, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK4 Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK5 Cambridge COVID-19 Testing Centre and AstraZeneca, Anne Mclaren Building, Cambridge, UK6 NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, UK7 Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK*Joint first authorship¶Joint last authorshipCorrespondence: mpw1001@cam.ac.ukThe UK has initiated mass COVID-19 immunisation, with healthcare workers (HCWs) given early priority because of the potential for workplace exposure and risk of onward transmission to patients. The UK’s Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation has recommended maximising the number of people vaccinated with first doses at the expense of early booster vaccinations, based on single dose efficacy against symptomatic COVID-19 disease.1-3At the time of writing, three COVID-19 vaccines have been granted emergency use authorisation in the UK, including the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine (Pfizer-BioNTech). A vital outstanding question is whether this vaccine prevents or promotes asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection, rather than symptomatic COVID-19 disease, because sub-clinical infection following vaccination could continue to drive transmission. This is especially important because many UK HCWs have received this vaccine, and nosocomial COVID-19 infection has been a persistent problem.Through the implementation of a 24 h-turnaround PCR-based comprehensive HCW screening programme at Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (CUHNFT), we previously demonstrated the frequent presence of pauci- and asymptomatic infection amongst HCWs during the UK’s first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic.4 Here, we evaluate the effect of first-dose BNT162b2 vaccination on test positivity rates and cycle threshold (Ct) values in the asymptomatic arm of our programme, which now offers weekly screening to all staff.Vaccination of HCWs at CUHNFT began on 8th December 2020, with mass vaccination from 8th January 2021. Here, we analyse data from the two weeks spanning 18thto 31st January 2021, during which: (a) the prevalence of COVID-19 amongst HCWs remained approximately constant; and (b) we screened comparable numbers of vaccinated and unvaccinated HCWs. Over this period, 4,408 (week 1) and 4,411 (week 2) PCR tests were performed from individuals reporting well to work. We stratified HCWs <12 days or > 12 days post-vaccination because this was the point at which protection against symptomatic infection began to appear in phase III clinical trial.226/3,252 (0·80%) tests from unvaccinated HCWs were positive (Ct<36), compared to 13/3,535 (0·37%) from HCWs <12 days post-vaccination and 4/1,989 (0·20%) tests from HCWs ≥12 days post-vaccination (p=0·023 and p=0·004, respectively; Fisher’s exact test, Figure). This suggests a four-fold decrease in the risk of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection amongst HCWs ≥12 days post-vaccination, compared to unvaccinated HCWs, with an intermediate effect amongst HCWs <12 days post-vaccination.A marked reduction in infections was also seen when analyses were repeated with: (a) inclusion of HCWs testing positive through both the symptomatic and asymptomatic arms of the programme (56/3,282 (1·71%) unvaccinated vs 8/1,997 (0·40%) ≥12 days post-vaccination, 4·3-fold reduction, p=0·00001); (b) inclusion of PCR tests which were positive at the limit of detection (Ct>36, 42/3,268 (1·29%) vs 15/2,000 (0·75%), 1·7-fold reduction, p=0·075); and (c) extension of the period of analysis to include six weeks from December 28th to February 7th 2021 (113/14,083 (0·80%) vs 5/4,872 (0·10%), 7·8-fold reduction, p=1x10-9). In addition, the median Ct value of positive tests showed a non-significant trend towards increase between unvaccinated HCWs and HCWs > 12 days post-vaccination (23·3 to 30·3, Figure), suggesting that samples from vaccinated individuals had lower viral loads.We therefore provide real-world evidence for a high level of protection against asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection after a single dose of BNT162b2 vaccine, at a time of predominant transmission of the UK COVID-19 variant of concern 202012/01 (lineage B.1.1.7), and amongst a population with a relatively low frequency of prior infection (7.2% antibody positive).5This work was funded by a Wellcome Senior Clinical Research Fellowship to MPW (108070/Z/15/Z), a Wellcome Principal Research Fellowship to PJL (210688/Z/18/Z), and an MRC Clinician Scientist Fellowship (MR/P008801/1) and NHSBT workpackage (WPA15-02) to NJM. Funding was also received from Addenbrooke’s Charitable Trust and the Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre. We also acknowledge contributions from all staff at CUHNFT Occupational Health and Wellbeing and the Cambridge COVID-19 Testing Centre.

Scene flow tracks the three-dimensional (3D) motion of each point in adjacent point clouds. It provides fundamental 3D motion perception for autonomous driving and server robot. Although the Red Green Blue Depth (RGBD) camera or Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) capture discrete 3D points in space, the objects and motions usually are continuous in the macro world. That is, the objects keep themselves consistent as they flow from the current frame to the next frame. Based on this insight, the Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN) is utilized to self-learn 3D scene flow with no need for ground truth. The fake point cloud of the second frame is synthesized from the predicted scene flow and the point cloud of the first frame. The adversarial training of the generator and discriminator is realized through synthesizing indistinguishable fake point cloud and discriminating the real point cloud and the synthesized fake point cloud. The experiments on Karlsruhe Institute of Technology and Toyota Technological Institute (KITTI) scene flow dataset show that our method realizes promising results without ground truth. Just as human, the proposed method can identify the similar local structures of two adjacent frames even without knowing the ground truth scene flow. Then, the local correspondence can be correctly estimated, and further the scene flow is correctly estimated.   Corresponding author(s) Email: wanghesheng@sjtu.edu.cn

Leukocyte differential test is a widely performed clinical procedure for screening infectious diseases. Existing hematology analyzers require labor-intensive work and a panel of expensive reagents. Here we report an artificial-intelligence enabled reagent-free imaging hematology analyzer (AIRFIHA) modality that can accurately classify subpopulations of leukocytes with minimal sample preparation. AIRFIHA is realized through training a two-step residual neural network using label-free images of isolated leukocytes acquired from a custom-built quantitative phase microscope. By leveraging the rich information contained in quantitative phase images, we not only achieved high accuracy in differentiating B and T lymphocytes, but also classified CD4 and CD8 cells, therefore outperforming the classification accuracy of most current hematology analyzers. We validated the performance of AIRFIHA in a randomly selected test set and cross-validated it across all blood donors. Owing to its easy operation, low cost, and accurate discerning capability of complex leukocyte subpopulations, we envision AIRFIHA is clinically translatable and can also be deployed in resource-limited settings, e.g., during pandemic situations for the rapid screening of infectious diseases.  Corresponding author(s) Email:    rjzhou@cuhk.edu.hk,  rishikesh.pandey@uconn.edu

Tam Hunt [1], Jonathan SchoolerUniversity of California Santa Barbara Synchronization, harmonization, vibrations, or simply resonance in its most general sense seems to have an integral relationship with consciousness itself. One of the possible “neural correlates of consciousness” in mammalian brains is a combination of gamma, beta and theta synchrony. More broadly, we see similar kinds of resonance patterns in living and non-living structures of many types. What clues can resonance provide about the nature of consciousness more generally? This paper provides an overview of resonating structures in the fields of neuroscience, biology and physics and attempts to coalesce these data into a solution to what we see as the “easy part” of the Hard Problem, which is generally known as the “combination problem” or the “binding problem.” The combination problem asks: how do micro-conscious entities combine into a higher-level macro-consciousness? The proposed solution in the context of mammalian consciousness suggests that a shared resonance is what allows different parts of the brain to achieve a phase transition in the speed and bandwidth of information flows between the constituent parts. This phase transition allows for richer varieties of consciousness to arise, with the character and content of that consciousness in each moment determined by the particular set of constituent neurons. We also offer more general insights into the ontology of consciousness and suggest that consciousness manifests as a relatively smooth continuum of increasing richness in all physical processes, distinguishing our view from emergentist materialism. We refer to this approach as a (general) resonance theory of consciousness and offer some responses to Chalmers’ questions about the different kinds of “combination problem.”  At the heart of the universe is a steady, insistent beat: the sound of cycles in sync…. [T]hese feats of synchrony occur spontaneously, almost as if nature has an eerie yearning for order. Steven Strogatz, Sync: How Order Emerges From Chaos in the Universe, Nature and Daily Life (2003) If you want to find the secrets of the universe, think in terms of energy, frequency and vibration.Nikola Tesla (1942) I.               Introduction Is there an “easy part” and a “hard part” to the Hard Problem of consciousness? In this paper, we suggest that there is. The harder part is arriving at a philosophical position with respect to the relationship of matter and mind. This paper is about the “easy part” of the Hard Problem but we address the “hard part” briefly in this introduction.  We have both arrived, after much deliberation, at the position of panpsychism or panexperientialism (all matter has at least some associated mind/experience and vice versa). This is the view that all things and processes have both mental and physical aspects. Matter and mind are two sides of the same coin.  Panpsychism is one of many possible approaches that addresses the “hard part” of the Hard Problem. We adopt this position for all the reasons various authors have listed (Chalmers 1996, Griffin 1997, Hunt 2011, Goff 2017). This first step is particularly powerful if we adopt the Whiteheadian version of panpsychism (Whitehead 1929).  Reaching a position on this fundamental question of how mind relates to matter must be based on a “weight of plausibility” approach, rather than on definitive evidence, because establishing definitive evidence with respect to the presence of mind/experience is difficult. We must generally rely on examining various “behavioral correlates of consciousness” in judging whether entities other than ourselves are conscious – even with respect to other humans—since the only consciousness we can know with certainty is our own. Positing that matter and mind are two sides of the same coin explains the problem of consciousness insofar as it avoids the problems of emergence because under this approach consciousness doesn’t emerge. Consciousness is, rather, always present, at some level, even in the simplest of processes, but it “complexifies” as matter complexifies, and vice versa. Consciousness starts very simple and becomes more complex and rich under the right conditions, which in our proposed framework rely on resonance mechanisms. Matter and mind are two sides of the coin. Neither is primary; they are coequal.  We acknowledge the challenges of adopting this perspective, but encourage readers to consider the many compelling reasons to consider it that are reviewed elsewhere (Chalmers 1996, Griffin 1998, Hunt 2011, Goff 2017, Schooler, Schooler, & Hunt, 2011; Schooler, 2015).  Taking a position on the overarching ontology is the first step in addressing the Hard Problem. But this leads to the related questions: at what level of organization does consciousness reside in any particular process? Is a rock conscious? A chair? An ant? A bacterium? Or are only the smaller constituents, such as atoms or molecules, of these entities conscious? And if there is some degree of consciousness even in atoms and molecules, as panpsychism suggests (albeit of a very rudimentary nature, an important point to remember), how do these micro-conscious entities combine into the higher-level and obvious consciousness we witness in entities like humans and other mammals?  This set of questions is known as the “combination problem,” another now-classic problem in the philosophy of mind, and is what we describe here as the “easy part” of the Hard Problem. Our characterization of this part of the problem as “easy”[2] is, of course, more than a little tongue in cheek. The authors have discussed frequently with each other what part of the Hard Problem should be labeled the easier part and which the harder part. Regardless of the labels we choose, however, this paper focuses on our suggested solution to the combination problem.  Various solutions to the combination problem have been proposed but none have gained widespread acceptance. This paper further elaborates a proposed solution to the combination problem that we first described in Hunt 2011 and Schooler, Hunt, and Schooler 2011. The proposed solution rests on the idea of resonance, a shared vibratory frequency, which can also be called synchrony or field coherence. We will generally use resonance and “sync,” short for synchrony, interchangeably in this paper. We describe the approach as a general resonance theory of consciousness or just “general resonance theory” (GRT). GRT is a field theory of consciousness wherein the various specific fields associated with matter and energy are the seat of conscious awareness.  A summary of our approach appears in Appendix 1.  All things in our universe are constantly in motion, in process. Even objects that appear to be stationary are in fact vibrating, oscillating, resonating, at specific frequencies. So all things are actually processes. Resonance is a specific type of motion, characterized by synchronized oscillation between two states.  An interesting phenomenon occurs when different vibrating processes come into proximity: they will often start vibrating together at the same frequency. They “sync up,” sometimes in ways that can seem mysterious, and allow for richer and faster information and energy flows (Figure 1 offers a schematic). Examining this phenomenon leads to potentially deep insights about the nature of consciousness in both the human/mammalian context but also at a deeper ontological level.

Cannabis sativa is an extraordinarily versatile species. Hemp and its cousin marijuana, both C. sativa, have been used for millennia as a source of fibre, oil and for medicinal, spiritual and recreational purposes. Because the consumption of Cannabis can have psychoactive effects, the plant has been widely banned throughout the last century. In the past decade, evidence of its medicinal properties did lead to the relaxation of legislation in many countries around the world. Consequently, the genetics and development of Cannabis as well as Cannabis-derived products are the subject of renewed attention.Here, we review the biology of C. sativa, including recent insights from taxonomy, morphology and genomics, with an emphasis on the genetics of cannabinoid synthesis. Because the female Cannabis flower is of special interest as the site of cannabinoid synthesis, we explore flower development, flowering time well as the species’ unique sex determination system in detail. Furthermore, we outline the tremendous medicinal, engineering, and environmental opportunities that Cannabis bears. Together, the picture emerges that our understanding of Cannabis biology currently progresses at an unusual speed. A future challenge will be to preserve the multi-purpose nature of Cannabis, and to harness its medicinal properties and sustainability advantages simultaneously.

Quantum chemistry must evolve if it wants to fully leverage the benefits of the internet age, where the world wide web offers a vast tapestry of tools that enable users to communicate and interact with complex data at the speed and convenience of a button press. The Open Chemistry project has developed an open source framework that offers an end-to-end solution for producing, sharing, and visualizing quantum chemical data interactively on the web using an array of modern tools and approaches. These tools build on some of the best open source community projects such as Jupyter for interactive online notebooks, coupled with 3D accelerated visualization, state-of-the-art computational chemistry codes including NWChem and Psi4 and emerging machine learning and data mining tools such as ChemML and ANI. They offer flexible formats to import and export data, along with approaches to compare computational and experimental data.

This paper responds to one by Graham Martin and colleagues, who offered a critique of my previous publications on masks for the lay public in the Covid-19 pandemic. I address their charges that my co-authors and I had misapplied the precautionary principle; drawn conclusions that were not supported by empirical research; and failed to take account of potential harms. But before that, I remind Martin et al that the evidence on mask wearing goes beyond the contested trials and observational studies they place centre stage. I set out some key findings from basic science, epidemiology, mathematical modelling, case studies and natural experiments, and use this rich and diverse body of evidence as the backdrop for my rebuttal of their narrowly-framed objections. I challenge my critics’ apparent assumption that a particular kind of systematic review should be valorised over narrative and real-world evidence, since stories are crucial to both our scientific understanding and our moral imagination. I conclude by thanking my academic adversaries for the intellectual sparring match, but exhort them to remember our professional accountability to a society in crisis. It is time to lay straw men to rest and engage, scientifically and morally, with the dreadful tragedy that is unfolding across the world.

This Supporting information includes interactive plots, videos, and data captured while performing evaluation and validation experiments for our paper. 

The construct of wellbeing has been criticised as a neoliberal construction of western individualism that ignores wider systemic issues including increasing burden of chronic disease, widening inequality, concerns over environmental degradation and anthropogenic climate change. While these criticisms overlook recent developments, there remains a need for biopsychosocial models that extend theoretical grounding beyond individual wellbeing, incorporating overlapping contextual issues relating to community and environment. Our first GENIAL model \cite{Kemp_2017} provided a more expansive view of pathways to longevity in the context of individual health and wellbeing, emphasising bidirectional links to positive social ties and the impact of sociocultural factors. In this paper, we build on these ideas and propose GENIAL 2.0, focusing on intersecting individual-community-environmental contributions to health and wellbeing, and laying an evidence-based, theoretical framework on which future research and innovative therapeutic innovations could be based. We suggest that our transdisciplinary model of wellbeing - focusing on individual, community and environmental contributions to personal wellbeing - will help to move the research field forward. In reconceptualising wellbeing, GENIAL 2.0 bridges the gap between psychological science and population health health systems, and presents opportunities for enhancing the health and wellbeing of people living with chronic conditions. Implications for future generations including the very survival of our species are discussed.  

Floral plantings are promoted to foster ecological intensification of agriculture through provisioning of ecosystem services. However, a comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness of different floral plantings, their characteristics and consequences for crop yield across global regions is lacking. Here we quantified the impacts of flower strips and hedgerows on pest control and pollination services in adjacent crops using a global dataset of 529 sites. Flower strips, but not hedgerows, enhanced pest control services in adjacent fields by 16% on average. However, effects on crop pollination and yield were more variable. Our synthesis identifies several important drivers of variability in effectiveness of plantings: pollination services declined exponentially with distance from plantings, and perennial and older flower strips with higher flowering plant diversity enhanced pollination more effectively. These findings provide promising pathways to optimize floral plantings to more effectively contribute to ecosystem service delivery and ecological intensification of agriculture in the future.

Researchers' ability to accurately screen fossil and subfossil specimens for preservation of DNA and protein sequences remains limited. Thermal exposure and geologic age are usable proxies for sequence preservation on a broad scale but are of nominal use for specimens of similar depositional environments. Cell and tissue biomolecular histology is thus proposed as a novel proxy for determining sequence preservation potential of ancient specimens with improved accuracy. Biomolecular histology as a proxy is hypothesized to elucidate why fossils/subfossils of some depositional environments preserve sequences while others do not and to facilitate selection of ancient specimens for use in molecular studies.

IntroductionConsistent with World Health Organization (WHO) advice [1], UK Infection Protection Control guidance recommends that healthcare workers (HCWs) caring for patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) should use fluid resistant surgical masks type IIR (FRSMs) as respiratory protective equipment (RPE), unless aerosol generating procedures (AGPs) are being undertaken or are likely, when a filtering face piece 3 (FFP3) respirator should be used [2]. In a recent update, an FFP3 respirator is recommended if “an unacceptable risk of transmission remains following rigorous application of the hierarchy of control” [3]. Conversely, guidance from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that HCWs caring for patients with COVID-19 should use an N95 or higher level respirator [4]. WHO guidance suggests that a respirator, such as FFP3, may be used for HCWs in the absence of AGPs if availability or cost is not an issue [1].A recent systematic review undertaken for PHE concluded that: “patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection who are breathing, talking or coughing generate both respiratory droplets and aerosols, but FRSM (and where required, eye protection) are considered to provide adequate staff protection” [5]. Nevertheless, FFP3 respirators are more effective in preventing aerosol transmission than FRSMs, and observational data suggests that they may improve protection for HCWs [6]. It has therefore been suggested that respirators should be considered as a means of affording the best available protection [7], and some organisations have decided to provide FFP3 (or equivalent) respirators to HCWs caring for COVID-19 patients, despite a lack of mandate from local or national guidelines [8].Data from the HCW testing programme at Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (CUHNFT) during the first wave of the UK severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic indicated a higher incidence of infection amongst HCWs caring for patients with COVID-19, compared with those who did not [9]. Subsequent studies have confirmed this observation [10, 11]. This disparity persisted at CUHNFT in December 2020, despite control measures consistent with PHE guidance and audits indicating good compliance. The CUHNFT infection control committee therefore implemented a change of RPE for staff on “red” (COVID-19) wards from FRSMs to FFP3 respirators. In this study, we analyse the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in HCWs before and after this transition.

1.IntroductionEccrine spiradenoma is a rare adnexal neoplasm originating from sweat glands. It typically presents as a small solitary nodule covered by a normal or bluish skin [1] . It can appear in nearly any part of the body, with 1/5 of cases occurring in extremities[2] . The tumor is most frequent in young adults, with no sexual or racial predilection [3,4] . Although it is considered benign, malignant cases have been reported [5] . Early diagnosis is essential to prevent chances of recurrence and malignant transformation [6] .

Crop wild relatives provide a valuable resource for improving crops. They possess desirable traits that confer resilience to various environmental stresses. To fully utilize crop wild relatives in breeding and conservation programs, it is important to understand the genetic basis of their adaptation. Landscape genomics associates environments with genomic variation and allows for examining the genetic basis of adaptation. In this study, we applied landscape genomics to examine the differences in allele frequency of 15,416 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) among 153 accessions of wild eggplant relatives from Africa, the principal hot spot of these wild relatives. Further, we explored the correlation between these variations and the bio-climatic and soil conditions at their collection sites. Our results showed that the environment has a greater impact on the genetic variation in the eggplant wild relative populations compared to the geographical distances between collection sites while controlling for population structure. These findings indicate the relevance of the environment in shaping genetic variation in eggplant relatives over time. We detected 396 candidate SNPs associated with ten environmental factors by applying four genotype-environment association methods. Some of these SNPs signal genes involved in pathways that help with adaptation to environmental stresses such as drought, heat, cold, salinity, pests, and diseases. These candidate SNPs will be useful for marker-assisted improvement and characterizing the germplasm of this crop for developing climate-resilient eggplant varieties. The study provides a model for how we can apply landscape genomics to the wild relatives of other crops.

Here, we describe a Raspberry Pi-based camera system that is portable, robust, and weatherproof, with a close-up focus (2.5 cm). We show that this camera system can be used in remote locations with high rainfall and humidity. The camera has an Infrared LED light to film in dark places and can continuously record for 21 days. We also describe how to make concrete artificial shelters to mount the camera in. One of the great strengths of this shelter/camera setup is that the animals choose to take up residence and can then be filmed for extended periods with no disturbance. Furthermore, we give examples of how shelters and cameras could be used to film a range of behaviours in many small cryptic amphibian species, but also other small vertebrates and invertebrates globally.

Survival of Quaternary cold stages in peripheral refugia and/or ice-free peaks within ice-sheets (nunataks) has likely (co)shaped the genetic structure of temperate mountain biota. We used three altitudinally segregated species endemic to the Dolomites and the adjacent Carnic Prealps in the southeastern European Alps to perform genetic structure analyses and demographic modeling based on RADseq data and retrospective species distribution models to test the following hypotheses. (i) The deep Piave valley forms the deepest genetic split in the species distributed across it. (ii) The montane to alpine species Campanula morettiana and Primula tyrolensis survived the Quaternary cold stages in peripheral refugia, while high-alpine to subnival Saxifraga facchinii likely survived in several nunatak refugia. (iii) The lower-elevation species suffered a strong population decline during the Quaternary glaciation. By contrast, the higher-elevation species shows long-term stability of population sizes due to survival on permanently ice-free peaks. We found peripheral refugia on both sides of the Piave Valley, which acted as a major genetic barrier. Demographic modeling confirmed nunatak survival not only for S. facchinii, but also for C. morettiana; results were inconclusive for P. tyrolensis. Altitudinal segregation influenced the species’ demographic fluctuations, with the lower-elevation species showing a significant population increase at the end of the Quaternary cold stages, and the higher-elevation species either showing decrease towards the present or stable population sizes with a short bottleneck. Our results highlight the role of both nunatak survival and of species ecology in the demographic history of mountain species.

INTRODUCTIONAminoacyl tRNA synthetases (ARSs) are a group of cytoplasmic enzymes that bind to transcribed RNA during protein synthesis, esterify amino acids to transcribed RNA, and function as catalysts for aminoacyl-transcribed RNA.1 Patients who test positive for anti-ARS antibodies present with various extramuscular symptoms, such as interstitial pneumonia, mechanic’s hands, Raynaud phenomenon, polyarthritis, fever, and myositis. These symptoms share common clinical features, which led Targoff in 1992 to term them ”antisynthetase antibody syndrome.”2 Since Jo-1 (histidyl-tRNA synthetase: HisRS) antibody was discovered in 19803, eight ARS antibodies have been identified: histidyl-tRNA synthetase-1 (Jo-1), anti-threonyl (PL-7), anti-alanyl (PL-12), anti-glycyl (EJ), anti-isoleucyl (OJ) anti-asparaginyl (KS), anti-phenylalanyl (Zo) and anti-tyrosyl (Ha) tRNA synthetase4.5, 6 Among these antibodies, anti-OJ is the least prevalent (3.1%).7 Anti-OJ- positive anti-ARS syndrome is extremely rare, and is usually accompanied by interstitial pneumonia.8 Anti-OJ and anti-Sjögren’s-syndrome-related antigen A (Ro-52) antibodies are occasionally detected in patients with dermatomyositis and are a poor prognostic factor when associated with interstitial pneumonia.9 However, we encountered a patient with OJ-and Ro-52 positive anti-ARS syndrome without interstitial pneumonia and with severe phalanx necrosis due to Raynaud phenomenon. The activity of disease could be suppressed with steroid pulse therapy. We believe that this is an atypical clinical presentation that deserves acknowledgement by means of this case report. We also report it here with a review of the literature.

Overfishing not only drastically reduces the number of fish in an exploited population but is often selective for body size removing the largest individuals from a population. Here, we study experimentally the evolutionary effects of size-selective harvesting using whole genome sequencing on a model organism; the zebrafish, which also allows us to quantify gene ontology terms due to the high-resolution reference genome. We demonstrate genomic shifts in the populations exposed to size-selective harvesting for five generations and show reduced genetic diversity in all harvested lines, including control line (non-size-selected). We also determine differences in gene ontogeny, with enrichment in nervous system related genes. Our results illuminate the biological processes underlying fisheries-induced genetic changes, hence contribute towards the understanding of the changes potentially associated with the vulnerability of an exploited population to future stressors.

This paper examines the transient motion of a viscous and incompressible fluid between two infinite vertical parallel plates due to natural convection current occurring as a result of application of isothermal conditions on the plates. Laplace transform method is used to solve the partial differential equation governing the problem while a numerical algorithm based on Riemann-Sum approximation is used to transform the solution from Laplace domain to time domain. The classical model of transient natural convection flow is extended to some fractional models; precisely, Caputo-Fabrizio (C.F) and Atangana-Baleanu (ABC). We obtained semi analytical results for temperature, Nusselt number, velocity and shear stress through MATLAB software. In this regards, we have noticed that both fractional models; C.F and ABC give more generalized results relative to the classical case.

We extend conventional optical density (OD) measurements to determine the growth rate of a recently identified species of Enterobacteriaceae, Enterobacter sp. SM3. To assess the reliability of this method, we compare growth rates obtained from fitting OD data to exponential growth, applying a relative density technique, and by measuring shifts in OD curves following set factors of dilution. These three techniques yield consistent results. Thus, they confirm that the most common method based on OD measurements can determine the bacterial doubling time. The main source of error is due to the reliance on a short span of an exponential growth phase. In lysogeny broth at 37oC, we found SM3 to divide every 22±3 minutes, notably faster than the RP437 strain of E. coli, which divides every 29±2 minutes. We also measured the SM3 division rate by counting colony-forming units (CFU) versus time, yielding results consistent with the OD measurements. These methods are applicable to determining the growth rate of any bacterial species.

An analysis of thermal radiation & chemical reaction effects on a flow of an incompressible, electrically conducting, viscous fluid through an infinitely long, flat plate that is accelerating periodically and is ingrained in porous medium. This flow is studied using unsteady magnetohydrodynamics. Here, flow is caused by time-related motion of this vertical plate, also numerous temperature situations along with velocity as well as concentration situations for different parameter studies are done.

INTRODUCTIONAminoacyl tRNA synthetases (ARSs) are a group of cytoplasmic enzymes that bind to transcribed RNA during protein synthesis, esterify amino acids to transcribed RNA, and function as catalysts for aminoacyl-transcribed RNA.1 Patients who test positive for anti-ARS antibodies present with various extramuscular symptoms, such as interstitial pneumonia, mechanic’s hands, Raynaud phenomenon, polyarthritis, fever, and myositis. These symptoms share common clinical features, which led Targoff in 1992 to term them ”antisynthetase antibody syndrome.”2 Since Jo-1 (histidyl-tRNA synthetase: HisRS) antibody was discovered in 19803, eight ARS antibodies have been identified: histidyl-tRNA synthetase-1 (Jo-1), anti-threonyl (PL-7), anti-alanyl (PL-12), anti-glycyl (EJ), anti-isoleucyl (OJ) anti-asparaginyl (KS), anti-phenylalanyl (Zo) and anti-tyrosyl (Ha) tRNA synthetase4.5, 6 Among these antibodies, anti-OJ is the least prevalent (3.1%).7 Anti-OJ- positive anti-ARS syndrome is extremely rare, and is usually accompanied by interstitial pneumonia.8 Anti-OJ and anti-Sjögren’s-syndrome-related antigen A (Ro-52) antibodies are occasionally detected in patients with dermatomyositis and are a poor prognostic factor when associated with interstitial pneumonia.9 However, we encountered a patient with OJ-and Ro-52 positive anti-ARS syndrome without interstitial pneumonia and with severe phalanx necrosis due to Raynaud phenomenon. The activity of disease could be suppressed with steroid pulse therapy. We believe that this is an atypical clinical presentation that deserves acknowledgement by means of this case report. We also report it here with a review of the literature.

Background & objectives: Nasal irrigation is a commonly used supportive treatment method for rhinosinus diseases. However, there is no consensus on how effectively irrigation should be applied to infants. The aim of the study is to examine the effects of two different nasal irrigation techniques applied to relieve nasal congestion in infants on physiological parameters and crying time. Methods: This study was randomized controlled experimental study. This study was conducted at the pediatric emergency clinic of the tertiary care hospital. Infants aged 1-12 months presenting with nasal congestion due to upper respiratory tract infections were enrolled in the study. Low-volume saline irrigation was applied to one group and high-volume saline irrigation was applied to the other group. Physiological parameters, procedure duration, procedure repetition frequency, and crying durations were evaluated before, and after the procedure. Results: In the study, the saturation of infants who received nasal irrigation with high-volume saline was found to be higher after the procedure compared to infants who received low-volume saline (p=0.000). Compared to the infants who were administered low-volume saline, the infants who received nasal irrigation with high-volume saline; respiratory rate (p=0.000), crying time and mean procedure time (p=0.000) were found to be lower after the procedure. Conclusions: As a result, in infants who received nasal irrigation with high volume saline; oxygen saturation, respiratory rate, procedure time, frequency of repetitions of the procedure and crying time are more positively affected. It is recommended to prefer high-volume nasal irrigation for infants with nasal congestion.

IntroductionLaryngeal neuroendocrine carcinomas (LNECs) are rare tumors of the larynx with a wide spectrum of clinicopathological manifestations. Generally, laryngeal neuroendocrine neoplasms were divided into 2 categories, epithelial and neural, based on their origin. The epithelial subgroup consisted of typical carcinoid, atypical carcinoid, small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. The neural neuroendocrine neoplasm subgroup is mainly referred to as paraganglioma. 1Among these categories, atypical carcinoid is the most common form of neuroendocrine carcinomas in the larynx .Also; prognosis is getting worse from typical carcinoid to small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma.2 Laryngeal neuroendocrine neoplasms represent 0.5 to 1% of laryngeal epithelial carcinomas, occurring more frequently in the supraglottic region with male predominance. 3In this study, we presented a rare case of poorly differentiated NEC (small cell) and described its clinicalopathological presentation. The presentation of this tumor with respiratory distress in a non smoker male patient with a small size mass in subglottic area is the interesting feature of this report.