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Nick K. Jones1,2*, Lucy Rivett1,2*, Chris Workman3, Mark Ferris3, Ashley Shaw1, Cambridge COVID-19 Collaboration1,4, Paul J. Lehner1,4, Rob Howes5, Giles Wright3, Nicholas J. Matheson1,4,6¶, Michael P. Weekes1,7¶1 Cambridge University NHS Hospitals Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK2 Clinical Microbiology & Public Health Laboratory, Public Health England, Cambridge, UK3 Occupational Health and Wellbeing, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK4 Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK5 Cambridge COVID-19 Testing Centre and AstraZeneca, Anne Mclaren Building, Cambridge, UK6 NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, UK7 Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK*Joint first authorship¶Joint last authorshipCorrespondence: mpw1001@cam.ac.ukThe UK has initiated mass COVID-19 immunisation, with healthcare workers (HCWs) given early priority because of the potential for workplace exposure and risk of onward transmission to patients. The UK’s Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation has recommended maximising the number of people vaccinated with first doses at the expense of early booster vaccinations, based on single dose efficacy against symptomatic COVID-19 disease.1-3At the time of writing, three COVID-19 vaccines have been granted emergency use authorisation in the UK, including the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine (Pfizer-BioNTech). A vital outstanding question is whether this vaccine prevents or promotes asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection, rather than symptomatic COVID-19 disease, because sub-clinical infection following vaccination could continue to drive transmission. This is especially important because many UK HCWs have received this vaccine, and nosocomial COVID-19 infection has been a persistent problem.Through the implementation of a 24 h-turnaround PCR-based comprehensive HCW screening programme at Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (CUHNFT), we previously demonstrated the frequent presence of pauci- and asymptomatic infection amongst HCWs during the UK’s first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic.4 Here, we evaluate the effect of first-dose BNT162b2 vaccination on test positivity rates and cycle threshold (Ct) values in the asymptomatic arm of our programme, which now offers weekly screening to all staff.Vaccination of HCWs at CUHNFT began on 8th December 2020, with mass vaccination from 8th January 2021. Here, we analyse data from the two weeks spanning 18thto 31st January 2021, during which: (a) the prevalence of COVID-19 amongst HCWs remained approximately constant; and (b) we screened comparable numbers of vaccinated and unvaccinated HCWs. Over this period, 4,408 (week 1) and 4,411 (week 2) PCR tests were performed from individuals reporting well to work. We stratified HCWs <12 days or > 12 days post-vaccination because this was the point at which protection against symptomatic infection began to appear in phase III clinical trial.226/3,252 (0·80%) tests from unvaccinated HCWs were positive (Ct<36), compared to 13/3,535 (0·37%) from HCWs <12 days post-vaccination and 4/1,989 (0·20%) tests from HCWs ≥12 days post-vaccination (p=0·023 and p=0·004, respectively; Fisher’s exact test, Figure). This suggests a four-fold decrease in the risk of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection amongst HCWs ≥12 days post-vaccination, compared to unvaccinated HCWs, with an intermediate effect amongst HCWs <12 days post-vaccination.A marked reduction in infections was also seen when analyses were repeated with: (a) inclusion of HCWs testing positive through both the symptomatic and asymptomatic arms of the programme (56/3,282 (1·71%) unvaccinated vs 8/1,997 (0·40%) ≥12 days post-vaccination, 4·3-fold reduction, p=0·00001); (b) inclusion of PCR tests which were positive at the limit of detection (Ct>36, 42/3,268 (1·29%) vs 15/2,000 (0·75%), 1·7-fold reduction, p=0·075); and (c) extension of the period of analysis to include six weeks from December 28th to February 7th 2021 (113/14,083 (0·80%) vs 5/4,872 (0·10%), 7·8-fold reduction, p=1x10-9). In addition, the median Ct value of positive tests showed a non-significant trend towards increase between unvaccinated HCWs and HCWs > 12 days post-vaccination (23·3 to 30·3, Figure), suggesting that samples from vaccinated individuals had lower viral loads.We therefore provide real-world evidence for a high level of protection against asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection after a single dose of BNT162b2 vaccine, at a time of predominant transmission of the UK COVID-19 variant of concern 202012/01 (lineage B.1.1.7), and amongst a population with a relatively low frequency of prior infection (7.2% antibody positive).5This work was funded by a Wellcome Senior Clinical Research Fellowship to MPW (108070/Z/15/Z), a Wellcome Principal Research Fellowship to PJL (210688/Z/18/Z), and an MRC Clinician Scientist Fellowship (MR/P008801/1) and NHSBT workpackage (WPA15-02) to NJM. Funding was also received from Addenbrooke’s Charitable Trust and the Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre. We also acknowledge contributions from all staff at CUHNFT Occupational Health and Wellbeing and the Cambridge COVID-19 Testing Centre.

Scene flow tracks the three-dimensional (3D) motion of each point in adjacent point clouds. It provides fundamental 3D motion perception for autonomous driving and server robot. Although the Red Green Blue Depth (RGBD) camera or Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) capture discrete 3D points in space, the objects and motions usually are continuous in the macro world. That is, the objects keep themselves consistent as they flow from the current frame to the next frame. Based on this insight, the Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN) is utilized to self-learn 3D scene flow with no need for ground truth. The fake point cloud of the second frame is synthesized from the predicted scene flow and the point cloud of the first frame. The adversarial training of the generator and discriminator is realized through synthesizing indistinguishable fake point cloud and discriminating the real point cloud and the synthesized fake point cloud. The experiments on Karlsruhe Institute of Technology and Toyota Technological Institute (KITTI) scene flow dataset show that our method realizes promising results without ground truth. Just as human, the proposed method can identify the similar local structures of two adjacent frames even without knowing the ground truth scene flow. Then, the local correspondence can be correctly estimated, and further the scene flow is correctly estimated.   Corresponding author(s) Email: wanghesheng@sjtu.edu.cn

Leukocyte differential test is a widely performed clinical procedure for screening infectious diseases. Existing hematology analyzers require labor-intensive work and a panel of expensive reagents. Here we report an artificial-intelligence enabled reagent-free imaging hematology analyzer (AIRFIHA) modality that can accurately classify subpopulations of leukocytes with minimal sample preparation. AIRFIHA is realized through training a two-step residual neural network using label-free images of isolated leukocytes acquired from a custom-built quantitative phase microscope. By leveraging the rich information contained in quantitative phase images, we not only achieved high accuracy in differentiating B and T lymphocytes, but also classified CD4 and CD8 cells, therefore outperforming the classification accuracy of most current hematology analyzers. We validated the performance of AIRFIHA in a randomly selected test set and cross-validated it across all blood donors. Owing to its easy operation, low cost, and accurate discerning capability of complex leukocyte subpopulations, we envision AIRFIHA is clinically translatable and can also be deployed in resource-limited settings, e.g., during pandemic situations for the rapid screening of infectious diseases.  Corresponding author(s) Email:    rjzhou@cuhk.edu.hk,  rishikesh.pandey@uconn.edu

Tam Hunt [1], Jonathan SchoolerUniversity of California Santa Barbara Synchronization, harmonization, vibrations, or simply resonance in its most general sense seems to have an integral relationship with consciousness itself. One of the possible “neural correlates of consciousness” in mammalian brains is a combination of gamma, beta and theta synchrony. More broadly, we see similar kinds of resonance patterns in living and non-living structures of many types. What clues can resonance provide about the nature of consciousness more generally? This paper provides an overview of resonating structures in the fields of neuroscience, biology and physics and attempts to coalesce these data into a solution to what we see as the “easy part” of the Hard Problem, which is generally known as the “combination problem” or the “binding problem.” The combination problem asks: how do micro-conscious entities combine into a higher-level macro-consciousness? The proposed solution in the context of mammalian consciousness suggests that a shared resonance is what allows different parts of the brain to achieve a phase transition in the speed and bandwidth of information flows between the constituent parts. This phase transition allows for richer varieties of consciousness to arise, with the character and content of that consciousness in each moment determined by the particular set of constituent neurons. We also offer more general insights into the ontology of consciousness and suggest that consciousness manifests as a relatively smooth continuum of increasing richness in all physical processes, distinguishing our view from emergentist materialism. We refer to this approach as a (general) resonance theory of consciousness and offer some responses to Chalmers’ questions about the different kinds of “combination problem.”  At the heart of the universe is a steady, insistent beat: the sound of cycles in sync…. [T]hese feats of synchrony occur spontaneously, almost as if nature has an eerie yearning for order. Steven Strogatz, Sync: How Order Emerges From Chaos in the Universe, Nature and Daily Life (2003) If you want to find the secrets of the universe, think in terms of energy, frequency and vibration.Nikola Tesla (1942) I.               Introduction Is there an “easy part” and a “hard part” to the Hard Problem of consciousness? In this paper, we suggest that there is. The harder part is arriving at a philosophical position with respect to the relationship of matter and mind. This paper is about the “easy part” of the Hard Problem but we address the “hard part” briefly in this introduction.  We have both arrived, after much deliberation, at the position of panpsychism or panexperientialism (all matter has at least some associated mind/experience and vice versa). This is the view that all things and processes have both mental and physical aspects. Matter and mind are two sides of the same coin.  Panpsychism is one of many possible approaches that addresses the “hard part” of the Hard Problem. We adopt this position for all the reasons various authors have listed (Chalmers 1996, Griffin 1997, Hunt 2011, Goff 2017). This first step is particularly powerful if we adopt the Whiteheadian version of panpsychism (Whitehead 1929).  Reaching a position on this fundamental question of how mind relates to matter must be based on a “weight of plausibility” approach, rather than on definitive evidence, because establishing definitive evidence with respect to the presence of mind/experience is difficult. We must generally rely on examining various “behavioral correlates of consciousness” in judging whether entities other than ourselves are conscious – even with respect to other humans—since the only consciousness we can know with certainty is our own. Positing that matter and mind are two sides of the same coin explains the problem of consciousness insofar as it avoids the problems of emergence because under this approach consciousness doesn’t emerge. Consciousness is, rather, always present, at some level, even in the simplest of processes, but it “complexifies” as matter complexifies, and vice versa. Consciousness starts very simple and becomes more complex and rich under the right conditions, which in our proposed framework rely on resonance mechanisms. Matter and mind are two sides of the coin. Neither is primary; they are coequal.  We acknowledge the challenges of adopting this perspective, but encourage readers to consider the many compelling reasons to consider it that are reviewed elsewhere (Chalmers 1996, Griffin 1998, Hunt 2011, Goff 2017, Schooler, Schooler, & Hunt, 2011; Schooler, 2015).  Taking a position on the overarching ontology is the first step in addressing the Hard Problem. But this leads to the related questions: at what level of organization does consciousness reside in any particular process? Is a rock conscious? A chair? An ant? A bacterium? Or are only the smaller constituents, such as atoms or molecules, of these entities conscious? And if there is some degree of consciousness even in atoms and molecules, as panpsychism suggests (albeit of a very rudimentary nature, an important point to remember), how do these micro-conscious entities combine into the higher-level and obvious consciousness we witness in entities like humans and other mammals?  This set of questions is known as the “combination problem,” another now-classic problem in the philosophy of mind, and is what we describe here as the “easy part” of the Hard Problem. Our characterization of this part of the problem as “easy”[2] is, of course, more than a little tongue in cheek. The authors have discussed frequently with each other what part of the Hard Problem should be labeled the easier part and which the harder part. Regardless of the labels we choose, however, this paper focuses on our suggested solution to the combination problem.  Various solutions to the combination problem have been proposed but none have gained widespread acceptance. This paper further elaborates a proposed solution to the combination problem that we first described in Hunt 2011 and Schooler, Hunt, and Schooler 2011. The proposed solution rests on the idea of resonance, a shared vibratory frequency, which can also be called synchrony or field coherence. We will generally use resonance and “sync,” short for synchrony, interchangeably in this paper. We describe the approach as a general resonance theory of consciousness or just “general resonance theory” (GRT). GRT is a field theory of consciousness wherein the various specific fields associated with matter and energy are the seat of conscious awareness.  A summary of our approach appears in Appendix 1.  All things in our universe are constantly in motion, in process. Even objects that appear to be stationary are in fact vibrating, oscillating, resonating, at specific frequencies. So all things are actually processes. Resonance is a specific type of motion, characterized by synchronized oscillation between two states.  An interesting phenomenon occurs when different vibrating processes come into proximity: they will often start vibrating together at the same frequency. They “sync up,” sometimes in ways that can seem mysterious, and allow for richer and faster information and energy flows (Figure 1 offers a schematic). Examining this phenomenon leads to potentially deep insights about the nature of consciousness in both the human/mammalian context but also at a deeper ontological level.

Cannabis sativa is an extraordinarily versatile species. Hemp and its cousin marijuana, both C. sativa, have been used for millennia as a source of fibre, oil and for medicinal, spiritual and recreational purposes. Because the consumption of Cannabis can have psychoactive effects, the plant has been widely banned throughout the last century. In the past decade, evidence of its medicinal properties did lead to the relaxation of legislation in many countries around the world. Consequently, the genetics and development of Cannabis as well as Cannabis-derived products are the subject of renewed attention.Here, we review the biology of C. sativa, including recent insights from taxonomy, morphology and genomics, with an emphasis on the genetics of cannabinoid synthesis. Because the female Cannabis flower is of special interest as the site of cannabinoid synthesis, we explore flower development, flowering time well as the species’ unique sex determination system in detail. Furthermore, we outline the tremendous medicinal, engineering, and environmental opportunities that Cannabis bears. Together, the picture emerges that our understanding of Cannabis biology currently progresses at an unusual speed. A future challenge will be to preserve the multi-purpose nature of Cannabis, and to harness its medicinal properties and sustainability advantages simultaneously.

Quantum chemistry must evolve if it wants to fully leverage the benefits of the internet age, where the world wide web offers a vast tapestry of tools that enable users to communicate and interact with complex data at the speed and convenience of a button press. The Open Chemistry project has developed an open source framework that offers an end-to-end solution for producing, sharing, and visualizing quantum chemical data interactively on the web using an array of modern tools and approaches. These tools build on some of the best open source community projects such as Jupyter for interactive online notebooks, coupled with 3D accelerated visualization, state-of-the-art computational chemistry codes including NWChem and Psi4 and emerging machine learning and data mining tools such as ChemML and ANI. They offer flexible formats to import and export data, along with approaches to compare computational and experimental data.

This paper responds to one by Graham Martin and colleagues, who offered a critique of my previous publications on masks for the lay public in the Covid-19 pandemic. I address their charges that my co-authors and I had misapplied the precautionary principle; drawn conclusions that were not supported by empirical research; and failed to take account of potential harms. But before that, I remind Martin et al that the evidence on mask wearing goes beyond the contested trials and observational studies they place centre stage. I set out some key findings from basic science, epidemiology, mathematical modelling, case studies and natural experiments, and use this rich and diverse body of evidence as the backdrop for my rebuttal of their narrowly-framed objections. I challenge my critics’ apparent assumption that a particular kind of systematic review should be valorised over narrative and real-world evidence, since stories are crucial to both our scientific understanding and our moral imagination. I conclude by thanking my academic adversaries for the intellectual sparring match, but exhort them to remember our professional accountability to a society in crisis. It is time to lay straw men to rest and engage, scientifically and morally, with the dreadful tragedy that is unfolding across the world.

This Supporting information includes interactive plots, videos, and data captured while performing evaluation and validation experiments for our paper. 

The construct of wellbeing has been criticised as a neoliberal construction of western individualism that ignores wider systemic issues including increasing burden of chronic disease, widening inequality, concerns over environmental degradation and anthropogenic climate change. While these criticisms overlook recent developments, there remains a need for biopsychosocial models that extend theoretical grounding beyond individual wellbeing, incorporating overlapping contextual issues relating to community and environment. Our first GENIAL model \cite{Kemp_2017} provided a more expansive view of pathways to longevity in the context of individual health and wellbeing, emphasising bidirectional links to positive social ties and the impact of sociocultural factors. In this paper, we build on these ideas and propose GENIAL 2.0, focusing on intersecting individual-community-environmental contributions to health and wellbeing, and laying an evidence-based, theoretical framework on which future research and innovative therapeutic innovations could be based. We suggest that our transdisciplinary model of wellbeing - focusing on individual, community and environmental contributions to personal wellbeing - will help to move the research field forward. In reconceptualising wellbeing, GENIAL 2.0 bridges the gap between psychological science and population health health systems, and presents opportunities for enhancing the health and wellbeing of people living with chronic conditions. Implications for future generations including the very survival of our species are discussed.  

Floral plantings are promoted to foster ecological intensification of agriculture through provisioning of ecosystem services. However, a comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness of different floral plantings, their characteristics and consequences for crop yield across global regions is lacking. Here we quantified the impacts of flower strips and hedgerows on pest control and pollination services in adjacent crops using a global dataset of 529 sites. Flower strips, but not hedgerows, enhanced pest control services in adjacent fields by 16% on average. However, effects on crop pollination and yield were more variable. Our synthesis identifies several important drivers of variability in effectiveness of plantings: pollination services declined exponentially with distance from plantings, and perennial and older flower strips with higher flowering plant diversity enhanced pollination more effectively. These findings provide promising pathways to optimize floral plantings to more effectively contribute to ecosystem service delivery and ecological intensification of agriculture in the future.

Researchers' ability to accurately screen fossil and subfossil specimens for preservation of DNA and protein sequences remains limited. Thermal exposure and geologic age are usable proxies for sequence preservation on a broad scale but are of nominal use for specimens of similar depositional environments. Cell and tissue biomolecular histology is thus proposed as a novel proxy for determining sequence preservation potential of ancient specimens with improved accuracy. Biomolecular histology as a proxy is hypothesized to elucidate why fossils/subfossils of some depositional environments preserve sequences while others do not and to facilitate selection of ancient specimens for use in molecular studies.

IntroductionConsistent with World Health Organization (WHO) advice [1], UK Infection Protection Control guidance recommends that healthcare workers (HCWs) caring for patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) should use fluid resistant surgical masks type IIR (FRSMs) as respiratory protective equipment (RPE), unless aerosol generating procedures (AGPs) are being undertaken or are likely, when a filtering face piece 3 (FFP3) respirator should be used [2]. In a recent update, an FFP3 respirator is recommended if “an unacceptable risk of transmission remains following rigorous application of the hierarchy of control” [3]. Conversely, guidance from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that HCWs caring for patients with COVID-19 should use an N95 or higher level respirator [4]. WHO guidance suggests that a respirator, such as FFP3, may be used for HCWs in the absence of AGPs if availability or cost is not an issue [1].A recent systematic review undertaken for PHE concluded that: “patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection who are breathing, talking or coughing generate both respiratory droplets and aerosols, but FRSM (and where required, eye protection) are considered to provide adequate staff protection” [5]. Nevertheless, FFP3 respirators are more effective in preventing aerosol transmission than FRSMs, and observational data suggests that they may improve protection for HCWs [6]. It has therefore been suggested that respirators should be considered as a means of affording the best available protection [7], and some organisations have decided to provide FFP3 (or equivalent) respirators to HCWs caring for COVID-19 patients, despite a lack of mandate from local or national guidelines [8].Data from the HCW testing programme at Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (CUHNFT) during the first wave of the UK severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic indicated a higher incidence of infection amongst HCWs caring for patients with COVID-19, compared with those who did not [9]. Subsequent studies have confirmed this observation [10, 11]. This disparity persisted at CUHNFT in December 2020, despite control measures consistent with PHE guidance and audits indicating good compliance. The CUHNFT infection control committee therefore implemented a change of RPE for staff on “red” (COVID-19) wards from FRSMs to FFP3 respirators. In this study, we analyse the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in HCWs before and after this transition.

The occurrence of adverse events caused by intravascular injection or vascular compression of filler material remains a persistent concern for surgical filler injection. In order to enhance the visibility of facial vessels and make the injection procedure safe, this paper reports a simple yet effective image fusion approach that combines simultaneously captured visible and near-infrared images to produce vessel-highlighted effects. The visibility enhancement of vessel details involves applying a customized sharpening filter to the NIR image prior to merging it with the color facial. The validation of the fused images is conducted by employing quantitative objective metrics of image quality and clinical efficiency in the identification of vessels. The experimental results demonstrate the proposed approach can efficiently generate discernible impression of vessels with color and texture realistically persevered, and therefore contributes to augment the safety and precision of surgical planning or guidance in filler injections.

We report a 76-year-old male patient with persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) who developed sinus arrest lasting 12 seconds in the early morning of the forth day after using radiofrequency ablation for pulmonary vein isolation. The patient had repeated episodes of sinus arrest after implantation of a temporary pacemaker. After 3 weeks, the patient stabilized and was discharged. The patient was followed up for 1 year and did not experience any recurrence of sinus arrest or AF. We consider the potential for postoperative myocardial edema, injury to the sinoatrial node during the procedure, propafenone poisoning, and autonomic dysfunction as contributors to the occurrence of sinus arrest after radiofrequency ablation.

The ability improvement program combines school understudies to acquire information and abilities get through imaginative mastering in 2D Animation Program. The understudies handle different projects of 2D Animation, including: drawing, Photoshop and streak. The program is instructed through participators strategy with more practical’s work meeting and it is more difficulties that the understudy ought to progressively determine. Students have experienced childhood in an advanced climate with PC. This examination directed among school understudies, who are going to 2D Animation program worked by Establishment for Business venture and Vocation Advancement (IECD), Dr. D.Y.Patil School of Design, Tiruchirappalli. A sum of 37 respondents who are concentrating on 2D Animation, at their particular schools in Tamil Nadu, are the example of the review. Study strategy was utilized. Organized survey are utilized to gather the essential information from the chose respondents. This exploration gives that the positive discernments, among the respondents, who are going to the expertise improvement program on 2D Movement, as far as, giving a superior graphical information to understudies in their tutoring, educated resources dealing with the graphical course, customary refreshing of prospectus and dispersion of reading material on opportunity to the understudies and the general perception of the review

In this comprehensive study, the antimicrobial activity of selected probiotic L. plantarum isolates against prevalent skin pathogens Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 96 and Propionibacterium acne MTCC 1950 were evaluated. Our findings showcased a spectrum of antimicrobial efficacy among these isolates, ranging from 10 mm ± 0.71 to 20 mm ± 0.58 against S. aureus MTCC 96 and P. acne MTCC 1950. The study delved further into the nature of antimicrobial agents by subdividing conditioned cell-free supernatants (CFS) of L. plantarum isolates into three categories. Results indicated that while 15 isolates were positive against S. aureus, only two isolates (LpJ4 and LpJ5) maintained positivity with conditioned CFS treatment. Similarly, although fourteen isolates exhibited positive results against P. acne with non-conditioned CFS, only three isolates (LpJ1, LpJ15, and LpJ19) demonstrated zone of inhibition (>14mm) with conditioned CFS. These findings emphasized the heightened antimicrobial activity of non-conditioned CFS due to the presence of organic acids. Moreover, it suggested a potential role of proteins in this antimicrobial activity, as demonstrated by the loss of inhibitory effects following treatment with proteinase K. Furthermore, our study explored the auto-aggregation and co-aggregation capabilities of these probiotic isolates, indicating their potential to adhere to gastrointestinal epithelial cells and facilitate microorganism interactions. The understanding of these factors offers substantial potential for the development of precise therapies aimed at addressing skin infections attributed to these pathogens.

This present study is to determine the potential of Trichoderma harzianum as a biological control agent against phytopathogens. It has been tested to see how well it works against different plant pathogens, including S. rolfsii, Alternaria sp., P. aphenidermatum, M. phaseolina, F. oxysporum, H. sativum, and A. niger. Compared to the other Trichoderma species used, TVK1 has the best ability to kill phytopathogens, with a value of 1.78 cm per day. TVK2 comes in second with 1.7 cm per day, and TVK5 comes in third with 1.74 cm per day. The antifungal volatile organic compound produced by TVK1 spores was higher than the other species examined; it prevents phytopathogens’ growth from the other side. The number of pathogens that T. harzainum can kill is 100% for S. rolfsii, 94.07% for Alternaria sp., 92.02% for A. niger, 100% for F. oxysporum, 100% for H. sativum, and 94.07% for M. phaseolina. In a detached leaf assay, TVK1 inhibited the growth of pathogens in different plant leaves like tomato, mustard, and brinjal when compared with the commercially available fungicide and the control. It is confirmed in this study that the isolate TVK1 can fight against different phytopathogens. The chance of phyto-pathogenic attack can be reduced if sprayed on the plants earlier, as we know that Trichoderma harzianum also acts as a growth promoter.

Various solutions for curtailing convention heat transfer rate across a fluidsaturated porous medium, with applications specific to thermal insulation, packed bed thermal energy storage, contemporary building walls and like have been sought out increasingly more in recent times especially solutions that are cost-effective but efficient. The current paper attempts to propose a solution on the same lines to curtail heat transfer rate across a porous medium by using v-shaped obstructions within the porous enclosure. The effect of size , orientation and number of v-shaped obstructions (1-15) have been comprehended to understand the effectiveness of such obstructions which are not reported in literature hitherto. Numerical analysis have been performed assuming Darcy flow model for Rayleigh number 1000. It has been observed that V-shaped obstructions are indeed effective in reducing the convective heat transfer. Effect of number of obstructions is better than that of the size of obstructions embedded within the porous medium to bring considerable drop in convection heat transfer. Further, the orientation of the v-shaped obstructions (upward facing and downward facing) has no significant effect on heat transfer rate as both orientation produces almost same reduction of Nusselt number. As such, these results may act as a useful design modification for thermal engineers for fundamental designing of porous medium where convection heat transfer rate is to be slowed down.

Given the economic challenges faced by countries in the South Asia following the COVID-19 pandemic and the Monkeypox (Mpox) outbreak, it becomes important to bring to the forefront the discussion regarding the impact of economic crises on healthcare systems of these nations and subsequently the influence on health planning and policy making. In order to facilitate a discussion on policy implications, we outline potential barriers, particular to health system of Pakistan and in general to the health infrastructure of South Asia, and present recommendations built on nine themes of community resilience in light of the current Monkeypox (Mpox) outbreak.

Background and Objectives The Covid19 has paved the way for policy emphasis on the revival and preservation of herbal resources, which could have sustainable implications and cost minimization. Identifying relevant determinants of tribal healthcare access is essential in the present context, not just from the societal point of view but also for reviving the Indian System of Medicine and the traditional values in healthcare. Tribal people are the most vulnerable section in India. The study targets to identify the constraints in accessing traditional medicine with an emphasis on tribal healthcare challenges and their perception on traditional medicine. Methods and Findings The present study employs field observations in explaining the core determinants of healthcare practices of tribals (the vulnerable section of India) and their constraints to accessing public health facilities. The paper employed the Logit regression models with margin effect to understand the relevant factors influencing access to traditional medicine (TM). The role of cultural institutions, religious beliefs, acceptance level, and socio-economic factors are emphasized in addressing the constraints to the practice of TM. Conclusion The findings of the paper answer the role of traditional medicines and the acceptability of different types of healthcare systems from the context of rejuvenating the traditional medicines which has implications in terms of out-of-pocket expenditure. The empirical evidence from the field survey reemphasizes the role of cultural factors in addressing the massive use of traditional medicines in India. This helps in drawing policy conclusions and also bridges the gap in literature.

Aim. Timely help-seeking and pathways to care (PtC) have been linked to positive outcomes in suicidal adolescents. While the importance of formal contacts is recognised, caregivers also play a significant role in these pathways. Caregiver’s familiarity with mental health issues may influence an adolescent’s PtC. This study explores the relationship between a caregiver’s prior suicidality and mental health treatment on their children’s pathways to entering a specialist suicide prevention treatment program. Method. Caregivers ( n = 118, 35 males and 83 females) of young individuals (12-25 years) who were admitted into an outpatient suicide prevention service, completed a self-report questionnaire describing their child’s onset of symptoms, help-seeking, PtC and the caregiver’s prior suicidality and mental health treatment. Results. Parents were the source most likely to recognise the onset of suicidality, with general practitioners and psychologists the most common first contacts. Significant delays were identified for onset duration averaging 48.0 weeks, and it was observed that shorter delays in treatment were related to fewer number of contacts. Caregiver prior suicidality was associated with longer delays in treatment but had no relationship with onset duration. Conclusion. Caregivers and professional contacts are vital agents in improving the PtC of suicidal adolescents. Results highlight the significant delays in treatment and the added complexity of a caregiver’s prior experience of suicidality to these pathways. These complexities warrant further exploration to minimise obstacles that hinder help-seeking and lengthen PtC, as this may improve interventions and outcomes for suicidal adolescents and their caregivers. Keywords. Pathways to care; delay in treatment; caregiver familiarity; suicide; adolescent.

Aiming at the noise reduction problem of fixed platform mass production excavators, the application method of acoustic packaging louvers is proposed. Under the premise of economy, louvers' application is an important means of acoustic packaging, which can effectively reduce noise through reasonable design and installation. Based on the applicability of boundary element under pressure boundary conditions, the insertion loss sensitivities are obtained by OFAT method for four parameters of louvers' fin, which are orientation, spacing, coincidence rate and inclination angle. Thereby the impacts of these four parameters on the acoustic packaging performance are quantified. The insertion loss evaluation method based on acoustic power measurement is proposed, which is more reliable than the traditional single-point sound pressure measurement. Sensitivity analysis of insertion loss confirms that there is a critical level of fin spacing, coincidence rate, and inclination angle, and that crossing the critical value can degrade or even weaken the marginal utility of acoustic packaging.

IntroductionA permcath is a long, flexible tube that is inserted into a vein, most commonly in the neck. It is mostly used as an alternative and long-term access in end-stage renal disease patients requiring hemodialysis. Pneumothorax, hemothorax, arrhythmias, and endocarditis are some of their complications (1). Kidney involvement with COVID-19 infection is a well-known complication, with the majority of them having acute tubular injury which resolved eventually. A few cases needed long-term hemodialysis and only a few cases had developed endocarditis due to permcath insertion with subsequent recovery (2). In this case report, we present a case of a 29-year-old man who has suffered from endocarditis after several hemodialyses through permcath due to COVID-19-induced renal failure.

Reinfection affected 3.7–4.8% of COVID-19 survivors globally. No statistical validation was reported in retrospective or cross-sectional studies that used large-sample data from routine laboratory testing to detect reinfections. Therefore, we create and validate an algorithm (RCOVID) to detect COVID-19 reinfection cases in a large sample database. We apply RCOVID in three versions of simulation database with of valid and invalid cases of COVID-19 reinfection based on the CDC definition. Additionally, we tested the RCOVID in a real-world routine exam database with 10,539,186. The algorithm detects precisely all infections of the simulated database, with 100% of sensitivity, specificity, and Kappa agreement. Finally, in the real-world database with 7,393,829 valid notifications (after cleaning) and 2,321,185 cases of infections, RCOVID detected 142,308 first reinfections, 4,384 second reinfections, and 110 third reinfections, and 1 case of fourth reinfections. RCOVID is a reliable tool valid to detect COVID-19 reinfection cases in large sample routine exams.