Abstract: Background: Plasma kinins are known for decades but the understanding of them is not up-to the mark and the complexity is the reason. There are many drugs and trials undertaken with these as drug targets but only very few have been successfully marketed and used. Rest all others have resulted in failure during various phases of the trial. Purpose: The purpose of this review is to explain and explore the complexity of plasma kinins and to explore the relations between Kinins and to analyse the failures in drug development with these receptors as targets. Implication: This extensive review might help in understanding the complexity and ensure the reduction of drug development failures in these molecules as drug targets Conclusion: kinins have important role in homeostatic functions of the body physiologically. The pathophysiological roles in inflammation are also known. The complexity of these systems is well established.

Background and purpose: Mutations in the CFTR chloride channel result in intestinal o-structive episodes in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients and in CF animal models. This study explores the possibility of reducing the frequency of obstructive episodes in the Cftr-/- mice by the oral application of a gut selective NHE3 inhibitor tenapanor and searches for the underlying mechanisms involved. Experimental approach: Sex and age-matched Cftr+/+ and Cftr-/- mice were orally gavaged twice daily with 30mgkg-1 tenapanor or vehicle for a period of 21 days. Body weight and stool water content was assessed daily and gastrointestinal transit time (GTT) once weekly. The mice were sacrificed when an intestinal obstruction was suspected or after 21 days, and stool and tissues were collected for further analysis. Key results: 21 day tenapanor application resulted in a significant increase in stool water content, stool alkalinity, and a significant decrease in GTT in Cftr+/+ and Cftr-/- mice. Tenapanor significantly reduced obstructive episodes to 8% compared to 46% in vehicle treated Cftr-/- mice and prevented mucosal inflammation. A decrease in cryptal hyperproliferation, mucus accumulation and mucosal mast cell number was also observed in tenapanor compared to vehicle treated unobstructed Cftr-/- mice. Conclusion and implications: Oral tenapanor application prevented obstructive episodes in CFTR deficient mice and was safe in Cftr+/+ and Cftr-/- mice. These results suggest that tenapanor may be a safe and affordable adjunctive therapy in cystic fibrosis patients to alleviate constipation and prevent recurrent DIOS.

A new test specimen is proposed for investigation of mixed mode I/II/III fracture of materials. In the test specimen, by displacing the position of an inclined crack from the middle of the rectangular specimen, in addition to mode II loading, mixed mode I/III loading conditions are created under anti-symmetric four-point bending. To examine the applicability of the test set-up, the specimens made of PMMA (Polymethyl-methacrylate) with three crack angles and three different positions of crack with reference to the middle of the specimen are tested. The experimental fracture loads are compared with the theoretical predictions of the maximum principal stress fracture criterion. There is a satisfactory consistency between the test and theoretical results. Although the proposed test configuration has limitations in applying the mixed modes of I/III and II/III, it is an efficient test configuration easier and less expensive than other configurations utilizing complex crack geometry or complicated loading fixtures.

Septic arthritis is an inflammatory process involving the joints secondary to an infectious etiology such as bacterial, fungal, mycobacterial, viral, or other pathogens. Septic arthritis of the symphysis of the pubic is a rare cause of hip and pubic pain and is difficult to diagnose.

Leprosy is a chronic granulomatous disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. Leprosy occurrence in Saudi Arabia is rare, it was reported that 242 freshly diagnosed leprosy cases were in Saudi Arabia from 2003 to 2012. This report aims to provide awareness, avoid misdiagnosis, and to introduce the manifestations of leprosy.

Effect of DNA methylation on impaired Interferon type I signaling as a strategy to escape of SARS-CoV-2 from innate immune response: a hypothesisSomayeh Shokri 1,2 , Shahab Mahmoudvand1,2, *1 Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran2 Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Science, Hamadan, Iran.* Corresponding Author: Shahab Mahmoudvand, Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Science, Hamadan, Iran. Phone Number: +989188523259,Email: mahmoudvandsh100@yahoo.com

The root tip of a plant is highly sensitive to environmental cues and exerts sensory, chemical and movement responses and has even been likened to an animal’s brain. Yet, the assemblage of microbes at the root tip, the controls governing their diversity, the nature of their recruitment to that particular niche, and their roles in plant phenotypic function, remain poorly understood. This study investigated longitudinal niche differentiation of the root-associated microbiome in chickpeas ( Cicer arietinum L.) and its interactions with both diverse soil types and host plants with genetic variation in phenology, from the exterior to the interior of the root. Compared with late flowering (LF) genotypes, endophyte microbiomes at the apical zone of the early flowering (EF) host were characterised by greater diversity, higher compositional similarity to the basal zone, and closely inhabiting Rhizobacter and Methylotenera across soils. Additionally, EF genotype secreted a specific composition of metabolites from the apical zone, with more carboxylates (benzoic acid) and amino acids (propionic acid) than the LF plant. Our findings demonstrate that longitudinal differentiation within a seedling root is an essential feature shaping the root microbiome and indicative of genetic variation in phenology of host plants.

Climate change-induced variations in temperature and precipitation negatively impact plant growth and development. To ensure future food quality and availability, a critical need exists to identify phenotypic and physiological responses that confer drought tolerance in agronomically important crop plants. In this study, two Sorghum bicolor accessions that differ in their pre-flowering responses to drought were exposed to cycles of drying and rewatering. Morphological, physiological, and histological traits were measured across juvenile and adult developmental stages. Our results suggest that induction of stomatal closure works to prevent hydraulic damage under drought conditions, particularly when morphological and histological adjustments are unable to compensate for this hydraulic risk. These findings demonstrate that morphology, histology, and physiology may work independently over developmental time to achieve a shared goal of regulating transpirational water loss to mitigate the risk of xylem embolism.

Introduction: Telemedicine is the use of web - based technologies to provide health care services. Case history: A 40 year old conjoined twin, known case of dorsal spine tuberculosis contracted Covid-19 infection following which they were shifted to our center. Several unique challenges were encountered during the course of management.

Multi-phenotypic screening of multiple zebrafish larvae plays an important role in enhancing the quality and speed of biological assays. Many microfluidic devices have been presented for zebrafish phenotypic assays, but multi-organ screening of multiple larvae, from different needed orientations, in a single device that can enable rapid and large-sample testing is yet to be achieved. Here, we propose a multi-phenotypic quadruple-fish microfluidic chip for simultaneous monitoring of fin movement and heart activity of 5–7-day postfertilization zebrafish larvae trapped in the chip. In each experiment, fin movements of four larvae were quantified in the dorsal view in terms of fin beat frequency (FBF). Positioning of four optical prisms next to the traps provided the lateral views of the four larvae and enabled heart rate (HR) monitoring. The device’s functionality in chemical testing was validated by assessing the impacts of ethanol on heart and fin activities. Larvae treated with 3% ethanol displayed a significant drop of 13.2% and 35.8% in HR and FBF, respectively. Subsequent tests with cadmium chloride highlighted the novel application of our device for screening the effect of heavy metals on cardiac and respiratory function at the same time. Exposure to 5 μg/L cadmium chloride revealed a significant increase of 8.2% and 39.2% in HR and FBF, respectively. The device can be employed to improve quantitative multi-phenotypic screening of zebrafish larvae in response to chemical stimuli in various chemical screening assays, in applications such as ecotoxicology and drug discovery.

Primary herpetic gingivostomatitis(PHGS)is a manifestation of primary herpes infection with the simplex virus .It may be preceded by some prodromal symptoms.After the resolution of the primary infection, the virus remains latent in a nervous ganglion. The aim of this paper was to report a case of PHGS in a child

In this report, we discuss how autoimmune conditions and associated immunocompromise may impact diagnostic utility of molecular screening tools for mycobacterial infection. Imaging, molecular screening, and clinical judgment are required to rule out disease in the immunocompromised, especially in an acute setting

Mechanical thrombectomy is the standard of care for acute large vessel occlusion stroke since 2015 . Many studies report pre-intervention distal thrombus migration, especially after intravenous thrombolysis. We report a case of spontaneous intraprocedural thrombus migration during mechanical Thrombectomy with a review of conditions favoring the phenomenon.

This paper is concerned with the existence of mild solutions and approximate controllability for a class of noninstantaneous impulsive fractional neutral measure evolution systems with state-dependent delay. First, the existence of mild solutions for the considered system is obtained by using Kuratowski's measure of noncompactness and the set contraction fixed point theorem. Next, under the assumption that the correlated linear system is approximately controllable, the approximate controllability of the system is studied. Finally, we present two applications to support the practical usefulness of the study

Although most manifestations of coronavirus infection in children are mainly related to the respiratory and gastrointestinal organs, involvement of other organs has also been seen with less prevalence. Because of the expression of virus receptors in male genitalia, this system is regarded as a potential target for this virus.

Thermal performances of serrated fins which are consist of annular and plain sections is investigated. Thermal conductivity of the fin is considered to be linearly dependent on temperature. Nonlinear differential equations are obtained by applying the energy balance equation for both sections of the serrated fin and these equations are solved by applying homotopy perturbation method. Insulated fin tip, constant fin base temperature and common boundary conditions between the interface of two sections are considered. Serrated fin radii ratio, segment height ratio, thermo-geometric fin and thermal conductivity parameters effecting the thermal performance and temperature distribution are investigated. The results showed that the homotopy perturbation is a reliable method for the solutions of such nonlinear differential equations. A very good agreement between the results of the homotopy perturbation method and the numerical finite difference method are obtained. It is seen that, serrated fin efficiency lays between annular and rectangular fin efficiencies and increases with the increase of segment height ratio.

Ozonation of cornstarch at pH 13 was performed using a semi-batch reactor to analyse the influence of a continuous ozone-oxygen gas flow (40 NL/h) at different ozone concentrations (0-42.30 g/Nm3) and temperatures (20-60ºC). A pseudofirst-order kinetic model was proposed to elucidate the reaction mechanisms associated with ozone at high pH conditions. The radical concentration remains constant and proportional to the ozone continuous dose, being a non-limiting factor independent of temperature (activation energy 14.2-14.5 KJ/mol). The oxidation kinetic of starch was studied monitoring the Chemical Oxygen Demand, finding a reduction in ozone concentration when both temperature and time increased (activation energy 8.1 KJ/mol). Therefore, the model proposed for the starch ozonation at high alkaline solutions provides a better understanding of the oxidation processes of common product additives such as starch, also making it possible to determine the environmental impact of such solutions by Chemical Oxygen Demand measurement.

Little attention has been given to the bubble temperature problem of a pure component in academic field. A robust methodology for solving the pure saturation temperature (vapor temperature) is proposed by using cubic equations of state. The methodology is based on a Newton-Raphson iterative technique for solving phase equilibrium criteria, coupled with initialization procedures. This methodology is free of numerical pitfalls from the critical point to very low reduced pressure. The fact that the given pressure is equal to the pressure at the inflection point of the initial temperature isotherm yields an automatic initialization of the calculations inside a region of convergence where the EOS can always predict vapor temperatures. In addition, the initialization method can also be used to calculate vapor pressures. Examples for vdW, RK, SRK and PR EOS show that the methodology can give perfect predictions for saturation properties even at very low reduced pressure and temperature.

The production of hydrocarbons for the synthesis of readily available energy and multifunctional materials is of great importance in modern society. Zeolites have proven to be a boon for the targeted regulation of specific hydrocarbon as shape-selective catalyst in converting carbon resources. Yet our mechanistic understanding and quantitative description of shape-selectivity of zeolite catalysis remains rather limited, which restricts the upgrade of zeolite catalysts. Herein, we proposed quantitative principle of shape-selectivity for zeolite catalysis using methanol-to-hydrocarbons (MTH) as model. Combining with molecular simulations and infrared imaging, we unveil the competition of thermodynamic stability, preferential diffusion and favored secondary reactions between different hydrocarbons within zeolite framework are the essence of zeolite shape-selective catalysis. Notably, we provide methodology to in silico search for the optimal combination of framework topology and acidity properties of zeolites with operating conditions that potentially outperform commercial MTH catalysts to achieve high selectivity of desired hydrocarbon products.

The equilibrium CO2 solubility of 2-[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]ethanol (DMAEE) was investigated at the temperature range of 298.15-323.15 K with the CO2 partial pressure from 5.0 to 60 kPa. A novel modified Kent-Eisenberg model was proposed to predict the CO2 solubility of DMAEE with the absolute average deviation (ADD) of 3.0% in this work, and this model provides more accurate prediction than the reported Kent-Eisenberg, Austgen, Hu-Chakma, and Li-Shen model. Then four reported tertiary amines were used to validate the universality of the proposed model and the obtained results indicate that the developed model can be applied to the mentioned amines with an acceptable AADs (4.80, 5.47, 8.56, and 3.65 %). In addition, the heat of CO2 absorption and the dissociation constant (pKa) also were systematically evaluated and compared with other reported amines, all obtained results indicates that the DMAEE has a potential to be an alternative absorbent for post-combustion CO2 capture.

According to the explicit propositions by Clausius, in the original publications in the 1850’s, the temperatures of the “reservoirs” are irrelevant for the “second fundamental equation” of the “mechanical theory of heat” to hold true. It is shown that entropy being history independent, i.e., “path independent”, “state function”, is contradictory to “reversibility”, i.e., contradictory to the “second fundamental equation” of the “mechanical theory of heat” holding true for “reversible” phenomena, only. This result is corroborated by experimental evidence. This result only removes the unnecessary restriction posed by “reversibility”, causes no adverse practical consequences, and offers the possibility to unify and simplify continuum entropy modeling. For example, the result removes the dilemma due to “reversibility” from engineering calculations for real physical phenomena, none of which are “reversible”.

1. The western honey bee, Apis mellifera, lives worldwide in approximately 94 million managed hives but also wild throughout much of its native and introduced range. Despite the global importance of A. mellifera as a crop pollinator, wild colonies have received comparatively little attention in the scientific literature and basic information regarding their density and abundance is scattered. 2. Here we review 29 studies that quantified wild colony density directly and analyse a larger dataset including an additional 7 studies that quantified density indirectly using genetic markers. 3. Densities varied from 0.1 to 24.2/km2 at 38 locations worldwide and were 24 times lower in Europe (0.35/km2) than Africa (8.4/km2) on average. Survey area varied from 1.2 to 924km2 and was negatively correlated with density. Survey areas were largest in Europe (average of 70.4km2) and were partly responsible for the low densities reported in this region. 4. After controlling for survey area in a GLM, mean annual temperature and net primary productivity became important predictors of density. This model was used to estimate wild colony numbers at a regional scale, which varied from approximately 135 million in Latin America to 8 million in Europe and 250 million worldwide. 5. Overall, wild colonies were estimated to outnumber managed hives in all regions except Europe and were estimated to be over twice as numerous worldwide. This is a significant result given that A. mellifera is often viewed as a domesticated species that primarily lives under human management.

Actinopterygian fishes display considerable diversity of parental behaviors and forms of parenting. In order to understand the evolutionary history in the ray-finned fishes, both characters were mapped, using parsimony ancestral state reconstruction upon an existing supertree. According to the data, in this subclass, parental care and parenting traits evolved from ancestors devoid of parental care or parenting. The transition from the ancestral state to substrate guarding, and that from the ancestral state to uniparental male care were the most observed ones, whereas the remaining transitions recorded low scores. Concerning the evolution of parental care, the data supported the evolution of mouthbrooding from substrate guarding, whilst external egg carrying arose from both substrate guarding and the ancestral state, which suggested the lack of a unique evolutionary pattern. Regarding the evolution of caregiver sex, the data did not support the stepping-stone model since the complete predicted sequence was not observed. In addition, the evolution of carer sex showed higher diversity of transitions among states than recorded in the evolution of parental care, suggesting the absence of a unique evolutionary pattern fitting the entire subclass.

Allopreening occurs in many species of birds and is known for providing hygienic and social benefits. While this behavior has been studied between conspecifics, its occurrence among different species remains mysterious. Outside of captivity environment, only a few records of interspecific allopreening exist. In this study, we report the first documented record of a Spot-necked Babbler (Stachyris strialata) allopreening a Nonggang Babbler (Stachyris nonggangensis) in a non-captive environment in southern China. We provide three hypotheses (social dominance, cleaning mutualism, and hybridization) to explain the occurrence of this understudied behavior. We suggest that interspecific allopreening may not be as rare as we assumed if we are in the correct place to study it. This study contributes to our understanding of not only the potential mechanism(s) for interspecific allopreening but also the behavioral ecology of the vulnerable Nonggang Babbler.