Jubaea chilensis (Molina)Baill., also named Chilean palm, is an endemic species found in the coastal area of Mediterranean sclerophyllous forest in Chile. It has a highly restricted and fragmented distribution along the coast, being under intense exploitation and anthropogenic impact. Based on 1,038 SNP markers, we evaluated the genetic diversity and population structure among six J. chilensis natural groups. We observed low levels of genetic diversity (overall HE = 0.024 and HO =0.014), a deficit of heterozygotes, and high levels of inbreeding (mean FIS = 0.424), with little or no random mating. All Wright fixation index and Nei’s genetic distance pairwise comparisons indicated moderate differentiation among populations, with a tendency to similarity. There was no evidence of isolation by distance (r =-0.214, P =0.799). In the cluster analysis, we observed a closer relationship among Culimo, Cocalán and Candelaria populations. The K value that best represented the spatial distribution of genetic diversity was ∆K =3. Habitat fragmentation and deterioration of the sclerophyllous forest may have driven inbreeding and low levels of genetic diversity in the palm groves of J. chilensis, putting the persistence of present and future populations at risk. In this scenario, it is imperative to reclassify J. chilensis as an endangered species, as well as a Natural Monument, in order to improve conservation efforts, the species management, and the environmental protection Also, the preservation of genetically different individuals may increase the overall genetic variability required to sustain the species persistence in the context of climate change and anthropogenic disturbance.

Wood serves crucial functions in plants, yet our understanding of the molecular regulation governing the composition, arrangement, and dimensions of its cells remains limited. The abrupt change in wood anatomy of lianas represents an excellent model to address the underlying mechanism, although consistent triggering factors for this process remain uncertain. In this study we examined how physical support attachment impacts the development of lianescent xylem anatomy in Bignonia magnifica (Bignoniaceae), employing a comprehensive approach integrating detailed anatomical analysis with gene expression profiling of cambium and differentiating xylem. Our findings demonstrate that attachment to physical supports triggers the formation of lianescent xylem, leading to increased vessel size, range of vessel sizes, broader vessel distribution, reduced fiber content, and higher potential specific water conductivity. These shifts in wood anatomy coincide with the downregulation of genes associated with cell division and cell wall biosynthesis, and the upregulation of transcription factors (TFs), defense/cell death, and hormone-responsive genes in the lianescent xylem. Based on our results, we propose a model delineating the molecular control underlying the formation of lianescent xylem, revealing how the increased complexity of lianescent anatomy reflects a more intricate transcriptional regulatory network encompassing a more diverse repertoire of TFs and hormone-responsive genes.

Ingested-derived DNA (iDNA) from insects can represent a powerful tool for assessing vertebrate diversity because insects are easy to sample, have a varied diet, and are widely distributed. Despite these advantages, the use of iDNA for mammalian detection is still little explored, especially in the neotropical region. Here we aimed to compare the effectiveness of mosquitoes and flies to detect mammals in a semi-controlled area of a Zoo that houses native and non-native species. We evaluated the number of mammal species detected by the iDNA samplers and verified the distance range of each sampler group for detecting the mammal species. To capture mosquitoes and flies we used CDC (Center for Disease Control) and fish-baited plastic bottle traps, respectively, distributed in eight sampling points during five days. Using two mini-barcodes (12SrRNA and 16SrRNA) and the metabarcoding approach, we identified 45 Operational Taxonomic Units from 10 orders. There was no difference between the number of species recovered per individual insect, although the number of flies captured was higher, resulting in more mammal species recovered by this insect group. Eight species were recorded exclusively by mosquitoes and 20 by flies, suggesting that using both samplers allowed a more comprehensive screening of the biodiversity. The maximum distance recorded was 337 m for flies and 289 m for mosquitoes, but the average range distance did not differ between insect groups. Our essay proved to be quite efficient for the mammal detection, considering the high number of species detected with a reduced sampling effort. Thus, combining iDNA from different samplers and metabarcoding can be a powerful tool for mammal survey and monitoring in the neotropics.