Hurricanes bring heavy rain and induce catastrophic flooding. The damage and fatalities underscore the urgency for understanding and improving the hydrological forecasts. Here we build an integrated hydrological framework in support of decision making, specifically for heavy rainfall caused by tropical storms. We apply different ensemble approaches for short-lived tropical storms (e.g., Tropical Storm Imelda) and long-lasting and major hurricanes (e.g., Hurricane Harvey). To drive the WRF-Hydro/National Water Model (NWM), atmospheric inputs are derived from the dynamical ensemble prediction based on Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting (HWRF) for Hurricane Harvey. For short-lived tropical storms, which do not have operational hurricane forecast from regional dynamical models, we manually generate an ensemble forecast from a deterministic weather forecast from the Global Forecast System (GFS) and perturb the precipitation intensity and location according to the new runs from the High-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR). On top of the current operational forecast from NWM, both of our approaches generate more than 20 separate forecasts (ensemble members) to address uncertainties in atmospheric dynamics, specifically for tropical storms and hurricanes. We evaluate the storm track, precipitation, and streamflow over the hurricane-prone areas of Texas. By linking ensemble weather forecasts to hydrological forecasts, we seek to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the underlying models and support advanced research on flood resilience for critical infrastructures.

Our research team is involved in several projects that seek to integrate the science-based prediction models of flood-causing events such as hurricanes with the decision-making models for critical infrastructure resilience. To this end, we use the state-of-the-art hydrological models such as WRF-Hydro and ADCIRC to simulate potential realizations of inland and coastal flooding events caused by tropical storms. We use these simulations to generate statistically sound scenarios to populate the inputs of several resilience-based decision making models, all developed using the state-of-the-art scenario-based stochastic and robust optimization methodologies. We identify three time lines where these models can be used to improve the quality of decision making processes: (1) Short-term preemptive resource allocation (preparedness) just before impending tropical storms, (2) Mid-term hardening and resilience investment strategies (mitigation) within a multi-season horizon considering multitudes of potential storms, and (3) Long-term resilience investment and infrastructure design strategy development considering potentially increasing flooding risks due to climate change and sea level rise. We present the overall framework that our team developed relying on the team’s in-progress work, particularly for the short- and mid-term prediction-optimization models. We use two specific infrastructures as examples to instantiate our models: (1) Evacuation of patients from healthcare facilities (hospitals and nursing homes), and (2) Substation hardening and preparation for power grids. To create realistic, high-resolution case studies, we consider historical and synthetic storms that impact actual healthcare facilities and power grid for Texas.