The damage mode and strength characteristics of rock masses containing natural structural surfaces are important factors affecting the stability and safety of underground cavern excavation and slope engineering. The damage behavior of tuff rock masses containing calcite mineral filling under uniaxial compression experimental conditions is unclear, and the fracture mechanism of the rock masses needs to be further explored. In this study, uniaxial compression tests were conducted on tuff rock specimens containing natural calcite filled structural surfaces by combining acoustic emission (AE) and digital image correlation (DIC) techniques. The effects of these structural surfaces on the generation and development of cracks on the surface of the specimens until the formation of macroscopic penetration, the overall state of the macroscopic cracks formed, the final damage state of the specimens, and the strength properties of the rock mass were analyzed. The results showed that (1) the transversely distributed structural planes caused significant stress concentrations in the rock specimens (2) the longitudinally distributed structural planes caused cracks in the specimens or influenced the expansion path of the longitudinal principal cracks. (3) The final damage pattern of the specimens did not differ significantly from that of conventional rock masses due to the presence of structural planes. (4) The presence of the structural face had a significant effect on the uniaxial compressive capacity of the rock, but the load variation process of the specimen with time still conformed to the load variation pattern during the uniaxial compressive test of conventional rocks.