Impact of Pre-ablation Weight Loss on the Success of Catheter Ablation for Atrial FibrillationAbdul Hafiz Al Tannir BS, Marwan M. Refaat MDDepartment of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, LebanonRunning Title: Pre-ablation Weight Loss and Success of AF AblationDisclosures: NoneFunding: NoneKeywords: Cardiac Arrhythmias, Cardiovascular Diseases, Heart Diseases, Weight Loss, Catheter Ablation, Atrial FibrillationWords: 621 (excluding references)Correspondence:Marwan M. Refaat, MD, FACC, FAHA, FHRS, FASE, FESC, FACP, FRCPAssociate Professor of MedicineDirector, Cardiovascular Fellowship ProgramDepartment of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine/Cardiac ElectrophysiologyDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular GeneticsAmerican University of Beirut Faculty of Medicine and Medical CenterPO Box 11-0236, Riad El-Solh 1107 2020- Beirut, LebanonFax: +961-1-370814Clinic: +961-1-759616 or +961-1-355500 or +961-1-350000/+961-1-374374 Extension 5800Office: +961-1-350000/+961-1-374374 Extension 5353 or Extension 5366 (Direct)Email: [email protected] the United States, the prevalence of obese individuals has risen 3-fold since 1960, with 1 in every 3 persons being obese. The effect of weight changes on the progression on atrial fibrillation is well-established but the effect of pre-ablation weight loss on the recurrence of atrial fibrillation is not well-studied. Atrial fibrillation is the most frequently encountered cardiac arrhythmia [1]; it currently affects around 2.7 million people in the United States of America and is estimated that 6-12 million people will suffer from this condition by 2050 [2, 3]. Pulmonary vein isolation is the primary target for cardiac ablation; it can be achieved either by radiofrequency (RF) or cryoballoon ablation (CBA) [4, 5]. The FIRE and ICE trial conducted by Kuck et al showed that CBA therapy was associated with significantly fewer recurrence, rehospitalization, and cardioversion rates [6]. Several studies suggest the preferred use of CBA in treating atrial fibrillation in obese patients due to the increased surface area for ablation [4].Obesity has adverse effects on the structure and hemodynamics of the heart and it is a well-established risk factor for the development of atrial fibrillation [3]. A prospective cohort study performed by Pathak et al showed that progressive weight loss in obese and overweight patients resulted in dose-dependent effects on freedom from atrial fibrillation (FFAF) [7]. Similarly, Middeldrop et al, concluded that obesity is associated with the progression of the disease while weight loss is associated with reversal of the progression [8]. Limited data is available regarding the effect of weight loss on the recurrence of atrial fibrillation post-ablation. Current guidelines recommend lifestyle modifications, including a healthy diet and exercise, for overweight and obese patients before ablation [8, 9].The study of Peigh et al. is a retrospective cohort study from 2012-2017; 607 patients met the inclusion criteria. The aim of the study is to assess the impact of patient-directed weight loss 1 year before CBA on FFAP 15 months after ablation. The authors addressed an important topic that is poorly understood. Obese patients have a significantly lower FFAF rate 40-50% than the overall population 60-80%. The study selectively included patients undergoing CBA therapy. The follow-up time was 1-year post-ablation. The study concluded that, with the exception of non-obese patients with persistent atrial fibrillation, weight loss is associated with a significantly increased FFAF while weight gain led to a decrease in FFAF. A similar study assessed the impacted of physician-mediated risk control in patients undergoing RF ablation for atrial fibrillation [10]. A total of 149 patients were included in the prospective cohort study. The study showed a positive association between physician-directed weight loss (≥ 10%) and FFAF in symptomatic obese patients. The study performed by Peigh et al, included though a larger subject group (607) than LEGACY (141); however, the LEGACY is a prospective cohort study that is more suitable to monitor the fluctuation in patients’ variables before ablation.This study was well conducted but has the limitations of retrospective studies; a prospective cohort study would better monitor the variations in patients’ variables pre-ablation. In addition, as the authors stated, asymptomatic atrial fibrillation episodes may go unnoticed.Patients with atrial fibrillation, particularly those who are obese, should be advised to lose weight prior to catheter ablation. Lifestyle modifications should not be limited to patients undergoing ablation; the effect of weight loss on disease progression is well-established. Due to the overgrowing prevalence of atrial fibrillation and obesity worldwide, more studies are encouraged to better understand the ideal lifestyle management in patients. Larger prospective cohort studies should be conducted in order to validate the results. There is also an ongoing randomized clinical trial BAROS (Bariatric Atrial Return of Sinus Trial) [NCT 04050969] which will provide more data on this topic.

Achieving Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) with Biventricular pacing(BiVP) pacing for patients with moderate-to-severe heart failure (HF), left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction and ventricular dyssynchrony is well established and is currently the standard of care. Multiple studies have demonstrated significant improvement in quality of life, functional status, and exercise capacity in patients with New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III and IV heart failure who underwent resynchronization therapy1,2. In addition, resynchronization therapy is associated with survival benefit3. However, one third of patients do not respond to BIVP. New modalities for resynchronization have emerged namely His bundle pacing (HBP) and left ventricular septal pacing (LVSP). In this paper, we will review the benefits and limitations of BiVP and also the role of new pacing modalities such as HBP and LVSP in patients with HF with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and electrical dysynchrony.

Arrhythmia Induced Cardiomyopathy: What are Predictors of Myocardial Recovery?Acile Nahlawi BS, Marwan M. Refaat MDDepartment of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, LebanonRunning Title: AIC and Predictors of Myocardial RecoveryDisclosures: NoneFunding: NoneKeywords: Cardiac Arrhythmias, Cardiovascular Diseases, Heart Diseases, Congestive Heart Failure, CardiomyopathyWords: 958 (excluding references)Correspondence:Marwan M. Refaat, MD, FACC, FAHA, FHRS, FASE, FESC, FACP, FRCPAssociate Professor of MedicineDirector, Cardiovascular Fellowship ProgramDepartment of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine/Cardiac ElectrophysiologyDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular GeneticsAmerican University of Beirut Faculty of Medicine and Medical CenterPO Box 11-0236, Riad El-Solh 1107 2020- Beirut, LebanonFax: +961-1-370814Clinic: +961-1-759616 or +961-1-355500 or +961-1-350000/+961-1-374374 Extension 5800Office: +961-1-350000/+961-1-374374 Extension 5353 or Extension 5366 (Direct)Email: [email protected] cause a significant public health burden and improvement in sudden cardiac death risk stratification helped in decreasing mortality by improved pharmacotherapy as well as device implantations including implantable cardiac defibrillators and cardiac resynchronization therapy [1-4]. Arrhythmia induced cardiomyopathy (AIC) is a major cause of non-ischemic cardiomyopathy and heart failure (HF) worldwide [5]. It is characterized by an impairment of left ventricular systolic function secondary to high heart rate (tachycardia-induced), asynchrony (frequent premature ventricular contractions-induced or right ventricular pacing-induced) or an irregular rhythm (such as atrial fibrillation-induced) that serves as the trigger of AIC and this is mediated by calcium mishandling. The distinctive feature of AIC is the substantial improvement in left ventricular systolic function following arrhythmia suppression or elimination [5]. Atrial Fibrillation (AF) is concomitantly present with and potentially the cause of 10 to 50% of HF cases [6]. AIC is an important, commonly encountered and potentially reversible entity that is often under-recognized. The exact incidence and prevalence of AIC remains poorly defined in the literature [7]. In some studies, it was present in as high as 50% of patients with AF undergoing ablation, while it was reported to be present in 10% of patients with focal atrial tachycardia undergoing ablation [8]. In addition, very little attention, if any, is given to AIC in major trials on AF and HF, despite its significant implications on morbidity and mortality and the promising benefits of treatment [7]. Many aspects of AIC are yet to be understood. In fact, few studies limited by small sample size constitute our main source of knowledge on extent and predictors of ventricular recovery after treatment initiation in patients with AIC [9,10].In their multicenter retrospective study, Gopinathannair et al. aimed to assess the degree of recovery of the left ventricular systolic function after suppression/elimination of the underlying arrythmia and to evaluate factors influencing this response such as baseline patient and arrhythmia characteristics. The study sample comprised 243 patients from 3 different institutions whose charts were reviewed retrospectively (no recruitment timeframe was indicated). The patient characteristics studied included baseline left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), presence of structural heart disease (SHD) [ defined as significant coronary artery disease, prior myocardial infarction, hemodynamically significant valvular heart disease, or other structural cardiomyopathies] and medications used. As for the arrhythmia characteristics, they included arrhythmia duration and arrhythmia type. The authors used echocardiography as the imaging modality to determine extent of ventricular function recovery by comparing myocardial function before and after treatment of the culprit arrhythmia. The echocardiographic parameters that were assessed included LVEF, LV end-diastolic and end-systolic diameters, left atrial dimension, valvular abnormalities, right ventricular systolic pressures, and pulmonary arterial pressures.In contrast to reported literature on the topic, Gopinathannair et al. found that none of the studied patient and arrhythmia characteristics had a significant effect on the recovery of ventricular function. Their results showed that initiation of aggressive arrhythmia treatment is warranted in patients with suspected AIC, regardless of arrhythmia duration, arrhythmia type, severity of baseline LVEF, and underlying structural heart disease. This was concluded based on the consistent substantial improvement in LVEF after arrhythmia suppression/elimination, mainly through rhythm control, across all different subgroups. In fact, the extent of LVEF improvement was similar whether comparing the group with known arrhythmia duration [KN] to that with unknown arrhythmia duration [UKN] (21.2±9 % vs 19.4±11 %, p-value =0.16) or comparing the group with longest arrhythmia duration to the rest (21.5±7.5 % vs 21.0 ± 9.2%, p-value=0.77). On the other hand, greatest improvement was seen in the group with lowest initial LVEF (24±17 vs 19±7%; p-value <0.0001), making low index LVEF the only predictor of LVEF recovery after arrhythmia treatment in patients with AIC. However, the LVEF in these patients did not reach complete normalization; they had lower post-treatment LVEF compared to other groups (45±14 vs 54±8%; p<0.0001), a finding consistent with the available literature. Also similar to previous studies, the authors found that patients with PVCs experienced smaller extent of recovery compared to other arrhythmia types. The authors concluded by stressing the importance of suspecting AIC in patients having cardiomyopathy with a persistent arrhythmia and initiating aggressive arrhythmia treatment regardless of initial patient and arrhythmia characteristics.As for the limitations of the study by Gopinathannair et al., there are few to mention. First, the study had a retrospective design and therefore findings only serve to generate hypotheses that need further testing and validation. Second, there is a lack of a control group to exclude interference of confounding factors. Although the use of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme inhibitors (ACEi)/ Angiotension receptor blockers (ARB) did not independently predict LVEF improvement in multivariate analysis, it could still be a confounder given the lower rates of ACEi/ARB use in the cohort. Third, the timeframe of the study and the period of follow-up were not clearly defined. Fourth, there is lack of blinding of echocardiographic analyses which can potentially lead to inter- and intra-observer variability. Finally, the sample population was not diverse as it consisted in its majority of Caucasians.The Gopinathannair et al. study demonstrated several points of strength. Among these are its multicenter nature and its relatively larger sample size compared to similar studies, giving its findings more weight. Moreover, the authors appropriately and clearly defined their inclusion and exclusion criteria. Furthermore, no funding was needed for the study which potentially frees it from direct or indirect influences on its design, execution and interpretation. Finally, the study has successfully improved our understanding of predictors of ventricular recovery in patients with AIC and showed that patients with AIC who had the longest duration of arrhythmia still had LV systolic function improvement with arrhythmia suppression/elimination. This study paves the way for prospective studies and randomized clinical trials to validate the generated hypotheses and corroborate the observational findings.

Idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias (VA) is defined as premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) or ventricular tachycardias (VT) that occur in the absence of structural heart disease. Endocardial radiofrequency (RF) ablation is often curative for idiopathic VA. The success of the procedure depends on the ability to localize the abnormal foci accurately. These arrhythmias typical originate from the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT), specifically from the superior septal aspect, but can also originate from the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) and the coronary cusps.1 The QRS electrocardiogram (ECG) characteristics have been helpful in patients with VAs, patient with accessory pathways and patients who have pacemakers.2 VAs originating from the RVOT have typical ECG findings with a left bundle branch block (LBBB) morphology and an inferior axis.3In the current issue of the Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology, Hisazaki et al. describe five patients with idiopathic VA suggestive of RVOT origin and who required ablation in the left-sided outflow tract (OT) in addition to the initial ablation in the RVOT for cure to be achieved. Patients exhibited monomorphic, LBBB QRS pattern with an inferior axis on ECG, consistent with the morphology of VAs originating from the RVOT. Interestingly, all patients had a common distinct ECG pattern: qs or rs (r ≤ 5 mm) pattern in lead I, Q wave ratio[aVL/aVR]>1, and dominant S-waves in leads V1 and V2. Mapping of the right ventricle demonstrated early local activation time during the VA in the posterior portion of the RVOT, matching the QRS morphology obtained during pacemapping. Despite RF energy delivery to the RV, the VAs recurred shortly after ablation in four patients and had no effect at all in one patient. A change in the QRS morphology was noted on the ECG that had never been observed before the procedure. The new patterns were suggestive of left-sided OT origin: the second VAs exhibited an increase in the Q wave ratio [aVL/aVR] and R wave amplitude in lead V1, decrease in the S wave amplitude in lead V1, and a counterclockwise rotation of the precordial R-wave transition. Early activation of the second VA could not be found in the RVOT, and the earliest activation time after mapping the LV was found to be relatively late. Real-time intracardiac echocardiography and 3D mapping systems were used to determine the location immediately contralateral to the initial ablation site in the RVOT. Energy was then delivered to that site which successfully eliminated the second VA. The authors postulated that the second VAs shared the same origins as the first VAs, and the change in QRS morphology is likely attributed to a change in the exit point or in the pathway from the origin to the exit point. The authors further explained that the VAs originated from an intramural area of the superior basal LV surrounded by the RVOT, LVOT and the transitional zone from the great cardiac vein to the anterior interventricular vein (GCV-AIV).A limitation of this study is that GCV-AIV ablation was not attempted; however, the authors’ approach is safer and was successful in eliminating VA. Another limitation is that left-sided OT mapping was not initially performed. Nevertheless, given the ECG characteristics, local activation time, and mapping, it was appropriate to attempt a RVOT site ablation.Overall, the authors should be commended for their effort to describe in detail patients with idiopathic VAs that required ablation in the left-sided OT following ablation in the RVOT. Although change in QRS morphology after ablation has been previously described, the authors were the first to describe the ECG patterns of these patients.4–7 The results of this study have important clinical implications. First, the authors have demonstrated the importance of anatomical approach from the left-sided OT for cure to be achieved. Second, insight into the location of the origin of the VA may be helpful to physicians managing patients with VAs from the RVOT. Finally, continuous monitoring of the ECG during ablation for a change in QRS morphology should be considered to identify patients who will require further ablation. We have summarized in Table 1 important ECG characteristics indicative VA of specific origins, based on the findings of this study and previous studies in the literature.3,8–15

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia and often occurs with heart failure (HF) [1]. AF prevalence increases with increasing severity of HF: for instance its prevalence ranges from 5 percent in patients with New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class I HF to 40 percent in patients with NYHA class IV HF [2]. Its presence with HF plays a significant prognostic role and increases morbidity and mortality. Heart Failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is associated with cardiac arrhythmias [3]. HFrEF is also one of the indications for Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) placement [4]. Therefore, many patients undergoing CRT implantation will concomitantly have HF and AF. As the benefit from CRT in HF patients has been established, the data on patients with both HF and AF is limited, because patients with atrial arrhythmias were excluded from most of the major CRT trials, such as CARE-HF and COMPANION [5]. However, a number of observational studies and small randomized clinical trials suggest a benefit from CRT in AF and HF patients such as a CRT-mediated ejection fraction (EF) increase [6, 7]. Other studies showed a high non-response rate in patients with AF as compared to those in sinus rhythm (SR) [8]. Thus, it is important to determine whether CRT has a beneficial role in these patients to decide on adding an atrial lead at the time of CRT implantation especially in patients with longstanding-persistent AF.In their published study, Ziegelhoeffer et al. investigated the outcomes of CRT placement with an atrial lead in patients with HF and AF. This was done by conducting a retrospective analysis of all patients with AF who received CRT for HF at the Kerckhoff Heart Center since June 2004 and were observed until July 2018- completing a 5-year follow-up. The authors identified 328 patients and divided them into 3 subgroups: paroxysmal (px) AF, persistent (ps) AF, and longstanding-persistent (lp) AF, with all patients receiving the same standard operative management. During the observation period, the authors analyzed the rhythm course of the patients, cardiac parameters (NYHA class, MR, LVEF, left atrial diameter) and performed a subgroup analysis for patients who received an atrial lead. The study showed that all groups had a high rate of sinus rate (SR) conversion and rhythm maintenance at 1 and 5 years. Specifically, the patients who received an atrial lead among the lp AF group were shown to have a stable EF, less pronounced  left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVESD) and  left ventricular end diastolic diameter (LVEDD) and lower mitral regurgitation (MR) rates at one year follow-up as compared to the group without atrial lead placement. Moreover, the results of the lp group were similar to the ps-AF group, although the latter had a lower number of participants (n=4) without initial implantation of the atrial lead. The authors attributed the improvement in cardiac function and SR conversion to CRT and the implantation of an additional atrial lead.Although some studies showed that CRT therapy reduced secondary MR in HF [9, 10], this study additionally suggests that CRT with an atrial lead was associated with improved myocardial function and improvement of interventricular conduction delay triggering cardiac remodeling in patients with HF and AF. Although the results showed better cardiac function in the subgroup analysis of the patients with an additional atrial lead, these results were reported as percentages with no level of significance specified, hence statistical significance of the difference in the described parameters (such as LVESD, LVEDD) could not be determined. Further investigation via prospective studies is needed with larger sample size in the future to further support the results of the study especially that it was done in a single center and had a relatively small sample size.References:1. Chung MK, Refaat M, Shen WK, et al. Atrial Fibrillation: JACC Council Perspectives. J Am Coll Cardiol. Apr 2020; 75 (14): 1689-1713.2. Maisel, W.H. and L.W. Stevenson, Atrial fibrillation in heart failure: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and rationale for therapy. Am J Cardiol, 2003. 91 (6a): p. 2d-8d.3. AlJaroudi WA, Refaat MM, Habib RH, et al. Effect of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Receptor Blockers on Appropriate Implantable Cardiac Defibrillator Shock: Insights from the GRADE Multicenter Registry. Am J Cardiol Apr 2015; 115 (7): 115(7):924-31.4. Yancy, C.W., et al., 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2013. 62 (16): p. e147-239.5. Cleland, J.G., et al., The effect of cardiac resynchronization on morbidity and mortality in heart failure. N Engl J Med, 2005.352 (15): p. 1539-49.6. Leclercq, C., et al., Comparative effects of permanent biventricular and right-univentricular pacing in heart failure patients with chronic atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J, 2002. 23 (22): p. 1780-7.7. Upadhyay, G.A., et al., Cardiac resynchronization in patients with atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2008. 52 (15): p. 1239-46.8. Wilton, S.B., et al., Outcomes of cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with versus those without atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart Rhythm, 2011. 8 (7): p. 1088-94.9. van Bommel, R.J., et al., Cardiac resynchronization therapy as a therapeutic option in patients with moderate-severe functional mitral regurgitation and high operative risk. Circulation, 2011.124 (8): p. 912-9.10. Breithardt, O.A., et al., Acute effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy on functional mitral regurgitation in advanced systolic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2003. 41 (5): p. 765-70.

A document by Youssef Jalloul. Click on the document to view its contents.

Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is characterized by prolongation of the QT interval on the electrocardiogram (ECG). Clinically, LQTS is associated with the development of Torsades de Pointes (TdP), a well-defined polymorphic ventricular tachycardia and the development of sudden cardiac death (1). The most common type is the acquired form caused mainly by drugs, it is also known as the drug induced LQTS (diLQTS) (2-5). The diLQTS is caused by certain families of drugs which can markedly prolong the QT interval on the ECG most notably antiarrhythmic drugs (class IA, class III), anti-histamines, antipsychotics, antidepressants, antibiotics, antimalarial, and antifungals (2-5). Some of these agents including the antimalarial drug hydroxycholoquine and the antibiotic azithromycin which are being used in some countries as therapies for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)(6,7). However, these drugs have been implicated in causing prolongation of the QT interval on the ECG (2-5).There is a solution for monitoring this large number of patients which consists of using mobile ECG devices instead of using the standard 12-lead ECG owing to the difficulty of using the 12-lead ECG due to its medical cost and increased risk of transmitting infection. These mobile ECG devices have been shown to be effective in interpreting the QT interval in patients who are using QT interval prolonging drugs (8, 9). However, the ECG mobile devices have been associated with decreased accuracy to interpret the QT interval at high heart rates (9). On the other hand, some of them have been linked with no accuracy to interpret the QT interval (10). This can put some patients at risk of TdP and sudden cardiac death.In this current issue of the Journal of Cardiovascular electrophysiology, Krisai P et al. reported that the limb leads underestimated the occurrence of diLQTS and subsequent TdP compared to the chest leads in the ECG device, this occurred in particular with the usage of mobile standard ECG devices which use limb leads only. To illuminate these findings, the authors have studied the ECGs of 84 patients who have met the requirements for this study, which are diLQTS and subsequent TdP. Furthermore, the patients in this study were also taking a QT interval prolonging drug. Krisai P et al. additionally reported the morphology of the T-wave in every ECG and classified them into flat, broad, notched, late peaked, biphasic and inverted. The authors showed that in 11.9% of these patients the ECG was non reliable in diagnosing diLQTS and subsequent Tdp using only limb leads due to T-wave flattening in these leads, in contrast to chest leads where the non- interpretability of the QT interval was never attributable to the T-wave morphology but to other causes. The authors further examined the QT interval duration in limb leads and chest leads and found that the QT interval in limb leads was shorter compared to that of the chest leads, but reported a high variability in these differences. Therefore, it should be taken into account when screening patients with diLQTS using only mobile ECG devices and these patients should be screened using both limb leads and chest leads. Moreover, the authors have highlighted the limitations of using ECG mobile devices as limb leads to interpret the QT interval especially in high heart rates (when Bazett’s equation overcorrects the QTc and overestimates the prevalence of the QT interval) and have advocated the usage of ECG mobile devices as chest leads instead of limb leads due to their superior ability to interpret the QT interval.The authors should be praised for their efforts in illustrating the difference in the QT interval interpretability between the chest leads and the limb leads in patients with diLQTS. The authors also pointed out the limitation of using mobile ECG devices as limb leads for the diagnosis of diLQTS and recommended their usage as chest leads by applying their leads onto the chest due to their better diagnostic accuracy for detecting the diLQTS. The study results are very relevant, it further expanded the contemporary knowledge about the limitation of the QT interval interpretability using ECG mobile device only (11). Future investigation is needed to elucidate the difference in chest and limb leads interpretability of the QT interval and to assess the ability of the mobile ECG devices to interpret the QT interval.ReferencesRefaat MM, Hotait M, Tseng ZH: Utility of the Exercise Electrocardiogram Testing in Sudden Cardiac Death Risk Stratification. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2014; 19(4): 311-318.Kannankeril P, Roden D, Darbar D. Drug-Induced Long QT Syndrome. Pharmacological Reviews. 2010;62(4):760-781.Nachimuthu S, Assar M, Schussler J. Drug-induced QT interval prolongation: mechanisms and clinical management. Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety. 2012;3(5):241-253.Jankelson L, Karam G, Becker M, Chinitz L, Tsai M. QT prolongation, torsades de pointes, and sudden death with short courses of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine as used in COVID-19: A systematic review. Heart Rhythm. 2020 ; S1547-5271(20)30431-8.Li M, Ramos LG. Drug-Induced QT Prolongation And Torsades de Pointes. P T . 2017;42(7):473-477.Singh A, Singh A, Shaikh A, Singh R, Misra A. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of COVID-19 with or without diabetes: A systematic search and a narrative review with a special reference to India and other developing countries. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews. 2020;14(3):241-246.Hashem A, Alghamdi B, Algaissi A, Alshehri F, Bukhari A, Alfaleh M et al. Therapeutic use of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19 and other viral infections: A narrative review. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2020; 35:101735.Chung E, Guise K. QTC intervals can be assessed with the AliveCor heart monitor in patients on dofetilide for atrial fibrillation. J Electrocardiol. 2015;48(1):8-9.Garabelli P, Stavrakis S, Albert M et al. Comparison of QT Interval Readings in Normal Sinus Rhythm Between a Smartphone Heart Monitor and a 12-Lead ECG for Healthy Volunteers and Inpatients Receiving Sotalol or Dofetilide. Journal Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2016;27(7):827-832.Bekker C, Noordergraaf F, Teerenstra S, Pop G, Bemt B. Diagnostic accuracy of a single‐lead portable ECG device for measuring QTc prolongation. Annals Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2019;25(1): e12683.Malone D, Gallo T, Beck J, Clark D. Feasibility of measuring QT intervals with a portable device. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy. 2017;74(22):1850-1851.

Sudden Cardiac Death (SCD) remains a global threat.1The most common causes of SCD are ischemic heart diseases and structural cardiomyopathies in the elderly. Additional causes can be arrhythmogenic, respiratory, metabolic, or even toxigenic.2,3,4 Despite the novel diagnostic tools and our deeper understanding of pathologies and genetic associations, there remains a subset of patients for whom a trigger is not identifiable. When associated with a pattern of Ventricular Fibrillation, the diagnosis of exclusion is deemed Idiopathic Ventricular Fibrillation (IVF).2,5 IVF accounts for 5% of all SCDs6 – and up to 23% in the young male subgroup5 – and has a high range of recurrence rates (11-45%).7,8,9 There are still knowledge gaps in the initial assessment, follow-up approach, risk stratification and subsequent management for IVF.1,10,11 While subsets of IVF presentations have been better characterized into channelopathies, such as Brugada’s syndrome (BrS), Long QT Syndrome (LQTS), Early Repolarization Syndrome (ERS), Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia (CPVT), much remains to be discovered.12,13 Implantable Cardioverter Device (ICD) placement as secondary prevention for IVF is the standard of care. This is warranted in the setting of high recurrence rates of arrhythmias (11-43%). Multiple studies have shown potential complications from ICDs and a significant number of cases experiencing inappropriate shock after ICD placement.14In their article, Stampe et al. aim to further understand clinical presentation and assessment, and risk factors for recurrent ventricular arrhythmias in IVF patients. Using a single-centered retrospective study, they followed a total of 84 Danish patients who were initially diagnosed with IVF and received a secondary ICD placement between December 2007 and June 2019. Median follow-up time was 5.2 years (ICR=2-7.6). To ensure detection of many possible underlying etiologies ranging from structural, ischemic, arrhythmogenic, metabolic, or toxicologic, the researchers found that a wide array of diagnostic tools were necessary: standard electrocardiograms (ECGs), high-precordial leads ECGs, standing ECGs, Holter monitoring, sodium-channel blocker provocation tests, exercise stress tests, echocardiograms, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, coronary angiograms, cardiac computed tomography, electrophysiological studies, histological assessment, blood tests, toxicology screens, and genetic analysis.The study by Stampe et al. highlights the importance of thorough and continuous follow-up with rigorous evaluation: Three (3.6%) patients initially diagnosed with IVF were later found to have underlying cardiac abnormalities (LQTS and Dilated Cardiomyopathy) that explained their SCA. Like other studies, the burden of arrhythmia was found to be high, but unlike reported data, the overall prognosis of IVF was good. Despite the initial pattern of ventricular fibrillation in those who experienced appropriate ICD placement (29.6%), ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation had a comparable predominance. As for patients with inappropriate ICD placements, atrial fibrillation was a commonly identified pathological rhythm (16.7%). Recurrent cardiac arrest at presentation (19.8%) was a risk factor for appropriate ICD therapy (HR=2.63, CI=1.08-6.40, p=0.033). However, in contrast to previous studies, early repolarization detected on baseline ECG (12.5%), was not found to be a risk factor (p=0.842).The study by Stampe et al. has few limitations. First, the study design, a retrospective cohort, precluded standardized follow-up frequencies and diagnostic testing. Second, while the study was included many of the cofounders tested in previous studies (baseline characteristics, baseline ECG patterns, comorbidities), medication use was not included. Third, the follow-up period may have been insufficient to detect effect from some of the confounding factors. Finally, the sample size was small and it was from a single center.There are several strengths of the Stampe et al. study. Firstly, the wide range of diagnostic tests used at index presentation and during the follow-up period ensured meticulous detection of most underlying etiologies. Secondly, appropriate and well-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria were used. Thirdly, funding by independent parties ensured no influence on study design, result evaluation, and interpretation. Finally, the study has succeeded in improving our understanding of IVF. Future studies should include though a larger population size and a more diverse population.References:1.AlJaroudi WA, Refaat MM, Habib RH, Al-Shaar L, Singh M, et al. Effect of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Receptor Blockers on Appropriate Implantable Cardiac Defibrillator Shock: Insights from the GRADE Multicenter Registry. Am J Cardiol Apr 2015; 115 (7): 115(7):924-31.2. Al-Khatib SM, Stevenson WG, Ackerman MJ, et al. 2017 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: executive summary. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018;72:e91–e220.3. Refaat MM, Hotait M, London B: Genetics of Sudden Cardiac Death. Curr Cardiol Rep Jul 2015; 17(7): 6064. Priori SG, Wilde AA, Horie M, Cho Y, Behr ER, Berul C, et al. HRS/EHRA/APHRS expert consensus statement on the diagnosis and management of patients with inherited primary arrhythmia syndromes: document endorsed by HRS, EHRA, and APHRS in May 2013 and by ACCF, AHA, PACES, and AEPC in June 2013. Heart Rhythm 2013;10:1932–1963.5. Priori SG, Blomström-Lundqvist C, Mazzanti A, et al. ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: The Task Force for the Management of Patients with Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Endorsed by: Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC). Eur Heart J 2015;36(41):2793-2867.6. Zipes DP, Wellens HJ. Sudden cardiac death. Circulation. 1998;98:2334–2351.7. Ozaydin M, Moazzami K, Kalantarian S, Lee H, Mansour M, Ruskin JN. Long-term outcome of patients with idiopathic ventricular fibrillation: a meta-analysis. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2015;26:1095–1104.8. Herman AR, Cheung C, Gerull B, Simpson CS, Birnie DH, Klein GJ, et al. Outcome of apparently unexplained cardiac arrest: results from investigation and follow-up of the prospective cardiac arrest survivors with preserved ejection fraction registry. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2016;9:e003619.9. Siebermair J, Sinner MF, Beckmann BM, Laubender RP, Martens E, Sattler S, et al.Early repolarization pattern is the strongest predictor of arrhythmia recurrence in patients with idiopathic ventricular fibrillation: results from a single centre long-term follow-up over 20 years. Europace 2016;18:718-25.10. Refaat MM, Hotait M, Tseng ZH: Utility of the Exercise Electrocardiogram Testing in Sudden Cardiac Death Risk Stratification. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2014; 19(4): 311-318.11. Gray B, Ackerman MJ, Semsarian C, Behr ER. Evaluation after sudden death in the young: a global approach. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2019;12: e007453.12. Herman AR, Cheung C, Gerull B, Simpson CS, Birnie DH, Klein GJ, et al. Response to Letter Regarding Article, Outcome of apparently unexplained cardiac arrest: results from investigation and follow-up of the prospective cardiac arrest survivors with preserved ejection fraction registry”. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2016;9:e004012.13. Chen Q, Kirsch GE, Zhang D, Brugada R, Brugada J, Brugada P, Potenza D, et al. Genetic basis and molecular mechanism for idiopathic ventricular fibrillation. Nature 1998;392:293–296.14. Baranchuk A, Refaat M, Patton KK, Chung M, Krishnan K, et al. What Should You Know About Cybersecurity For Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices? ACC EP Council Perspective. J Am Coll Cardiol Mar 2018; 71(11):1284-1288.

Introduction: In-hospital cardiac arrest(IHCA) constitutes a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. we devised this study to shed some light on it to better inform both hospitals and policymakers. Methods: We analyzed retrospective data from 680 IHCAs at the American University of Beirut Medical Center between July 1st, 2016, and May 2nd, 2019. Sociodemographic variables included age, sex, and comorbidities in the Charlson Comorbidity Index(CCI). IHCA variables were the day of the week, time from activation to arrival, event location, initial cardiac rhythm, the total number of IHCA events, and the months and years of the IHCAs. We considered the return of spontaneous circulation(ROSC) and survival to discharge(StD) to be our outcomes of interest. Results: The incidence of IHCA was 6.58 per 1000 hospital admissions. Non-shockable rhythms were 90.7% of IHCAs. Most IHCAs occurred in the Closed care units(87.9%) and on weekdays(76.5%). ROSC followed 56% of the IHCAs. Only 5.4% achieved StD. Survival outcomes were not significantly different between the time of the day and were higher in cases with a shockable rhythm. ROSC wasn’t significantly different between weekdays and weekends. however, StD was higher on weekdays. A high CCI was associated with decreased StD. Conclusion: The incidence of IHCA was high, and its outcomes were lower compared to other developed countries. Survival outcomes were better for patients who had a shockable rhythm and were similar between the time of the day. These findings may help inform hospitals and policymakers about the magnitude and quality of IHCA care in Lebanon

The field of electrophysiology continues to move further towards low fluoroscopy procedures. The deleterious effects of radiation exposure and of the radiation protection clothing themselves are the primary drivers of this approach. Radiation exposure is known to increase the risk of cancer and cataracts for all operators, and namely those who are subjected to accumulating doses of radiation over time. (1). Proper radiation protective clothing can significantly decrease these risks however this strategy has serious weaknesses. For instance, the protective clothing does not cover the whole body, leaving the face and the skull exposed. Roguin et al (2) showed that the risk of radiation exposure to the unprotected areas of the body is real and has serious consequences. In a cohort of 31 interventional cardiologists who developed brain cancer, the investigators showed that 22 (85%) of them had left sided tumors, and 17 (55%) of them had glioblastoma multiforme. This remarkable finding suggests that the dose left side of the brain, the side that gets more radiation exposure, is much more likely to develop a cancer that carries a poor prognosis and a median expected survival of 12 months. Furthermore, the radiation protective clothing itself can cause orthopedics injuries common among interventional cardiologists such those of the spine and the knees. Given the deleterious effects of radiation, low fluoroscopy approaches are welcomed by the electrophysiology community if they can show a safety profile similar to that with the use of fluoroscopy.The transseptal puncture (TSP) is arguably the most critical step during which fluoroscopy is used. In this study Singh et al describe an approach for TSP under electoanatomic guidance. The authors then retrospectively compare the total procedure duration, fluoroscopy time, radiation exposures, and complications related to the TSP using this method with those of conventional fluoroscopy. This was a single center study that included 145 consecutive patients, with no previous history of cardiac surgery, who underwent de novo and redo AF ablations between June 2018 and April 2019. These patients were then compared to cases performed by the same operators before June 2018. The procedure was done under conscious sedation. A dense electroanatomic map of the right atrium was acquired using CARTO 3 Fast Anatomical Mapping and Confidence Software, with emphasis on the atrial septum, His Bundle, coronary sinus ostium, and superior vena cava. The authors observed that the fossa ovalis was an area of low voltage potential (0.37±0.19 mV vs 1.73±0.74 mV) and low impedance (125±11 Ω vs 138±15 Ω), and electrically distinct from the rest of the atrial septum. The authors were able to localize the fossa ovalis using a combination of anatomical landmarks and the use of a voltage threshold of 0.75mV. The transseptal needle was then advanced through this desired location. The authors reported no significant complications related to the TSP.The authors argue that the safety profile is like the TSP under fluoroscopy, however this is a single center study. In fact the most senior operator performed three- quarters of all the procedures. Given the high risk of such an approach, the main question for the wide adoption of such a technique will again be safety in the hands of less experienced operators. A major factor that can increase the safety profile as well as the preciseness of the TSP is the routine use of ICE. ICE can confirm the precise positioning of the needle even in cases with unusual atrial septal anatomies (floppy, bulging, hypertrophic septum or in the presence of devices such as CardioSEAL or other atrial septal defect occlusion devices). Furthermore, ICE can confirm the location of the needle in the LA with microbubble injections after the TSP; it can confirm the location of the wire thus making it safer to advance the sheath knowing that it will not end up in the LAA or causing a perforation. As such ICE is arguably more important in the low fluoroscopy approach than in a one with fluoroscopy.Low fluoroscopy approach to TSP is a welcomed change in the field of electrophysiology given the significant adverse outcomes of radiation and radiation protective clothing to providers. The main concern in such a change is the safety and precise localization of the TSP. New technologies are allowing the development of new approaches such as the one described by Troisi et al to achieve the goal of safe low fluoroscopy procedures.References:Klein LW, Miller DL, Balter S, et al. Occupational health hazards in the interventional laboratory: time for a safer environment. Radiology 2009; 250:538-544.Roguin A, Goldstein J, Bar O, Goldstein JA. Brain and neck tumors among physicians performing interventional procedures. Am J Cardiol 2013;111(9):1368-72.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained arrhythmia and is a significant public health burden.1,2 Many mutations in ion-channel and non ion-channel structural genes are linked to AF especially in patients with family history and no risk factors.3 The pulmonary vein muscle sleeves are the main trigger for AF. 4 Many studies showed that pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) via catheter ablation is superior to medical therapy in decreasing all-cause mortality, hospitalizations and recurrence 5-7. Though it is still controversial, vagal denervation and targeting the major atrial ganglionated plexi (GP) have been reported by Pappone et al. to improve the outcome after PVI.8 GP ablation has been associated with QT prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias9. PVI affects the atrial GP, modifies the intrinsic cardiac autonomic nervous system and could lead to QT prolongation and lethal ventricular arrhythmias such as torsade de pointe and ventricular tachycardia.10In their study published in this issue of the Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology, Chikata et. al investigated the effect of PVI on the QT interval in patients with paroxysmal AF, and identified associated predisposing factors . 11 This was a retrospective observational study of 117 patients (out of 280 patients who were screened) with paroxysmal AF who underwent PVI via cryoballoon, hotballoon and radiofrequency at Toyama Prefectural Center in Japan between January 2016 and June 2019. The authors assessed 12 lead electrocardiograms (ECGs) at baseline and after four hours, one day, one month and three months. At each evalulaion point, they included only patients with sinus rhythm and excluded those taking antiarrhythmic drugs, drugs known to prolong QT intervals, patients undergoing renal transplant or having electrolyte imbalances in order to eliminate possible confounding factors. They measured the QRS, heart rate, QT interval and calculated QTc using the Bazett, Fridericia, Framingham and Hodges formulas at each evaluation point. All patients underwent PVI under conscious sedation with the same anesthesia regimen. They performed Cavotricuspid isthmus line ablation only if the Cavotricuspid isthmus dependent atrial flutter was noted, and they did not perform any intentional GP ablation. The study showed that QTc interval calculated by Bazett formula and the Fridericia formula was significantly prolonged at each time point ,whereas that of the Framingham formula and the Hodges formula was significantly prolonged only in the acute phase. The authors attributed this discrepancy to how each formula correlates with heart rate (HR). Since PVI could lead to autonomic denervation, a reflex increase in heart rate can be expected especially during the acute phase following the procedure. Furthermore, the study showed that in the acute phase post PVI, women had significantly prolonged QTc interval as compared to their baseline and to men (P < 0.05).The authors explained that QTc calculated by the Bazzet formula is more prone to error especially at elevated heart rates seen post PVI. In the setting of tachycardia, the QTc can be expected to prolong since the R-R interval shortens to a greater extent than the QT. Hence, the Bazzet’s QTc formula will overcorrect and overestimate the prevalence of the QT interval at heart rate greater than 100 bpm, and linear regression methods to correct the QT interval (such as Hodges) are better for clinical use. Women are known to have a longer baseline QT interval and are more prone to develop torsade de pointe than men12. That could be explained by the hormonal effect on the expression of ion channels and by the difference in autonomic regulation between genders.13,14 Chikata at al show a possible association between gender and QT prolongation post PVI that might be explained by a difference in inflammatory response or a distinguished genetic predisposition found more frequently in women. Further investigation is warranted via prospective studies with larger sample size in the future to corroborate the findings especially with the relatively small sample size and the fact that it was a single center study.References:1. Wolf PA, Abbott RD, Kannel WB. Atrial fibrillation as an independent risk factor for stroke: the Framingham Study. Stroke . Aug 1991;22(8):983-8. doi:10.1161/01.str.22.8.9832. Chung MK, Refaat M, Shen WK, et al. Atrial Fibrillation: JACC Council Perspectives. J Am Coll Cardiol. Apr 2020; 75 (14): 1689-1713.3. Feghaly J, Zakka P, London B, MacRae CA, Refaat MM. Genetics of Atrial Fibrillation. Journal of the American Heart Association . Oct 16 2018;7(20):e009884. doi:10.1161/jaha.118.0098844. Haïssaguerre M, Jaïs P, Shah DC, et al. Spontaneous initiation of atrial fibrillation by ectopic beats originating in the pulmonary veins. The New England journal of medicine. Sep 3 1998;339(10):659-66. doi:10.1056/nejm1998090333910035. Asad ZUA, Yousif A, Khan MS, Al-Khatib SM, Stavrakis S. Catheter Ablation Versus Medical Therapy for Atrial Fibrillation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Circulation Arrhythmia and electrophysiology . Sep 2019;12(9):e007414. doi:10.1161/circep.119.0074146. Refaat MM, Ballout J, Mansour M. Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation in Congenital Heart Disease. Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev. Dec 2017; 6 (4): 191-4.7. Oral H, Knight BP, Tada H, et al. Pulmonary vein isolation for paroxysmal and persistent atrial fibrillation. Circulation . Mar 5 2002;105(9):1077-81. doi:10.1161/hc0902.1047128. Pappone C, Santinelli V, Manguso F, et al. Pulmonary vein denervation enhances long-term benefit after circumferential ablation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Circulation . Jan 27 2004;109(3):327-34. doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000112641.16340.c79. He B, Lu Z, He W, et al. Effects of ganglionated plexi ablation on ventricular electrophysiological properties in normal hearts and after acute myocardial ischemia. International journal of cardiology . Sep 20 2013;168(1):86-93. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.09.06710. Münkler P, Wutzler A, Attanasio P, et al. Ventricular Tachycardia (VT) Storm After Cryoballoon-Based Pulmonary Vein Isolation. The American journal of case reports . Sep 11 2018;19:1078-1082. doi:10.12659/ajcr.90899911. Chikata A. Prolongation of QT interval after pulmonary vein isolation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology . 2020;12. Drici MD, Burklow TR, Haridasse V, Glazer RI, Woosley RL. Sex hormones prolong the QT interval and downregulate potassium channel expression in the rabbit heart. Circulation . Sep 15 1996;94(6):1471-4. doi:10.1161/01.cir.94.6.147113. Chen YJ, Lee SH, Hsieh MH, et al. Effects of 17beta-estradiol on tachycardia-induced changes of atrial refractoriness and cisapride-induced ventricular arrhythmia. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol . Apr 1999;10(4):587-98. doi:10.1111/j.1540-8167.1999.tb00716.x14. Huikuri HV, Pikkujämsä SM, Airaksinen KE, et al. Sex-related differences in autonomic modulation of heart rate in middle-aged subjects. Circulation . Jul 15 1996;94(2):122-5. doi:10.1161/01.cir.94.2.122

Are all Non-sustained Ventricular Tachycardia the Same in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Risk Stratification for Sudden Cardiac Death?Mohamad Khaled Sabeh MD1, Marwan M. Refaat MD21Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts - USA2Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center Beirut, LebanonRunning Title: NSVT in HCM SCD Risk StratificationWords (excluding references): 664Disclosures: NoneFunding: NoneKeywords: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy, Non-sustained Ventricular Tachycardia, Cardiac Arrhythmias, Cardiovascular DiseasesCorrespondence:Marwan M. Refaat, MD, FACC, FAHA, FHRS, FASE, FESC, FACP, FRCPAssociate Professor of MedicineDirector, Cardiovascular Fellowship ProgramDepartment of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine/Cardiac ElectrophysiologyDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular GeneticsAmerican University of Beirut Faculty of Medicine and Medical CenterPO Box 11-0236, Riad El-Solh 1107 2020- Beirut, LebanonFax: +961-1-370814Clinic: +961-1-350000/+961-1-374374 Extension 5800Office: +961-1-350000/+961-1-374374 Extension 5353 or Extension 5366 (Direct)Email: [email protected] with reduced systolic function predispose to sudden cardiac death (SCD) and many studies helped in decreasing that risk by Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD) implantation and pharmacologic management (1-4). Many types of cardiomyopathies with preserved systolic function, including hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), can predispose to malignant ventricular arrhythmias and SCD. HCM is the most common inherited cardiac disease that affects 1 in 200 live births (5,6). SCD remains one of the main causes of death in HCM and the SCD rate peaks in early adulthood (7-14). Data from ICDs suggest that SCD in HCM is most commonly caused by ventricular fibrillation (VF) (15). One major clinical challenge is identifying patients at risk for SCD. Multiple studies showed that non-sustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT) is a risk actor for SCD (16,17). However the strength of the data was variable across these studies due to difference in populations and the low sensitivity of Holter ECG. Moreover, other studies looked at the rate and duration of the ventricular arrhythmias and their relationship to SCD in HCM (17-19) yet the effect of the morphology of NSVT on SCD has not been well investigated.In this single center study Adduci et al . explore the prognostic impact of different NSVT morphologies in a cohort of 109 consecutive HCM patients. The study included patients who had an ICD implanted in the authors’ institution from January 2001 to December 2018. The ICDs were mostly implanted for primary prevention in HCM patient with 1) one or more risk factor including maximal LV thickness ≥30 mm, family history of SD in at least 1 first-degree relative <50 years of age, non-sustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT), recent (≤ 6 months) unexplained syncope, 2) hypotensive blood pressure during exercise with at least one additional major risk factor for SD 3) end-stage HCM regardless of other established risk markers of SCD. Devices were interrogated on evaluation every 3 to 6 months and the data was assessed for appropriate or inappropriate ICD therapies. Two independent electrophysiologists analyzed the ICD near field and far field EGMs from the ventricular tachycardia runs. They classified the VTs as either monomorphic (MMVT) or polymorphic (PMVT).During a mean follow up of 71+/- 48 months, 377 NSVT episodes of NSVT were retrieved from ICD memory in 46 patients; of these episodes, 7(2%) were polymorphic and 370 (98%) were monomorphic (MM). The mean HR of The MM NSVT had an average HR of 171+/- 32 BPM and lasted for 17 +/- 12 beats while the PMVT were faster at 241BPM +/- and longer at 28+/- 16 beats. The appropriate intervention rate was 5.1% per year and interestingly NSVT did not predict the occurrence of ICD therapy. However patients with polymorphic NSVT had a statistically higher risk for ICD intervention as compared to monomorphic NSVT. Further analysis noted a trend for increased risk of ICD therapy with patients with >1 NSVT morphology. Moreover 75% of the treated VTs had been previously observed as NSVT.Risk stratification is very important in this young patient population; decreasing the risk threshold for ICD implants leads to missed arrhythmias and bad outcomes while increasing it increases the risk for complications from unnecessarily implanted devices. There are several types of ICDs: Transvenous ICD, Subcutaneous ICD and Extravascular ICD. The results of this study suggest that the risk of SCD in patients with PMVT and/or NSVT with multiple morphologies is different from that of patients with a MMVT, and that the presence of short MMVT doe not predict the future ICD therapies. As such, one may consider a conservative approach in low-risk patients with short bursts of slow MM NSVT, and a more aggressive approach in patients with frequent, rapid rate burst of PMVT. Although this study suggests that different NSVT morphologies affect the prognosis in HCM patients, the low number of events lacked the statistical power to redefine ICD candidacy. Larger multicenter studies are needed to confirm these findings and to help delineate the “at risk patients” who would truly benefit from ICDs.