# Energy conservation in swept field limit

For a calorimeter sample (plus addenda) weakly thermally linked to a temperature controlled reservoir, energy conservation implies $\label{eq:EnergyConservation} -T dS = \kappa \Delta T dt + C_{\textrm{addenda }} dT$ where $$\kappa$$ is the sample to reservoir thermal conductance and addenda is the heat capacity of the actual addenda (such as the thermometer, heater, and glue or grease binding the sample to the sensors) plus the heat capacity of the sample lattice (due to phonons).

The left hand side term is the heat released by the system — which in the case of a spin system, for example, would be the heat released by the spins — when the field is changed by $$dH$$. The minus sign indicates that system entropy decreases as heat is released. Most of the released heat flows to the reservoir but some fraction heats up the addenda (to the same temperature as the system). The first term on the right hand side describes heat flow to the reservoir. The second term describes the temperature rise of the addenda. In a non-adiabatic relaxation-time or ac-calorimeter like that used in our swept-field measurements (Fortune 2014), the first term dominates. In contrast, in an adiabatic measurement, the first term is negligible.

If the entropy of a system depends on temperature $$T$$ and applied magnetic field $$H$$, then $\label{eq:TwoVariableCalculus} dS = \left(\frac{\partial S}{\partial T}\right)_H dT + \left(\frac{\partial S}{\partial H}\right)_T dH$

Substituting Eq. \ref{eq:EnergyConservation} into Eq. \ref{eq:TwoVariableCalculus}, $\label{eq:Substitution} -T \left(\frac{\partial S}{\partial T}\right)_H dT - T \left(\frac{\partial S}{\partial H}\right)_T dH = \kappa \Delta T dt + C_{\textrm{addenda }} dT$