Public Articles
ԾՆՆԴՈՑ (Ծնենիլնեն)
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The effect of the brood and the queen on early gene expression in bumble bee workers' brains
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The Antelope and the Hyena: An Urgent Warning Against The New Socialism
How To Insert Jupyter and IPython Notebooks in Authorea articles
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At Authorea, we want to change the way scientists communicate and share their research. This includes giving all the information behind figures a place to live: by letting readers and reviewers access your data and code, your results can be easily reproduced and extended.
It’s really easy to incorporate Jupyter Notebooks as well as datasets in your articles. This guide illustrates the step-by-step procedure to easily add any arbitrary dataset to an Authorea article, by navigating to the Data folder, and adding files there (they get added to the Authorea’s underlying Git repository).
You can also associate data and Jupyer Notebooks to a specific figure. This guide illustrates the step-by-step procedure for adding a figure to an Authorea document and attaching data and Jupyer Notebooks to it. Whenever Authorea documents detect “data behind a figure”, a data flag icon appears next to the figure, as for the figure below. The icon is meant to alert you, your collaborators and readers that some data is available behind the figure.
Genetic Causation of Transgender Neruobiological Identity, An Annotated Bibliography.
Abstract: Background: Polymorphisms in sex steroid receptors have been associated with transsexualism. However, published replication studies have yielded inconsistent findings, possibly because of a limited sample size and/or the heterogeneity of the transsexual population with respect to the onset of dysphoria and sexual orientation. We assessed the role of androgen receptor (AR), estrogen receptors alpha (ERα) and beta (ERβ), and aromatase (CYP19A1) in two large and homogeneous transsexual male-to-female (MtF) and female-to-male (FtM) populations.Methods: The association of each polymorphism with transsexualism was studied with a twofold subject-control analysis: in a homogeneous population of 549 early onset androphilic MtF transsexuals versus 728 male controls, and 425 gynephilic FtMs versus 599 female controls. Associations and interactions were investigated using binary logistic regression.Results: Our data show that specific allele and genotype combinations of ERβ, ERα and AR are implicated in the genetic basis of transsexualism, and that MtF gender development requires AR, which must be accompanied by ERβ . An inverse allele interaction between ERβ and AR is characteristic of the MtF population: when either of these polymorphisms is short, the other is long. ERβ and ERα are also associated with transsexualism in the FtM population although there was no interaction between the polymorphisms. Our data show that ERβ plays a key role in the typical brain differentiation of humans.
Abstract: Approximately 0.5–1.4% of natal males and 0.2–0.3% of natal females meet DSM-5 criteria for gender dysphoria, with many of these individuals self-describing as transgender men or women. Despite recent improvements both in social acceptance of transgender individuals as well as access to gender affirming therapy, progress in both areas has been hampered by poor understanding of the etiology of gender dysphoria. Prior studies have suggested a genetic contribution to gender dysphoria, but previously proposed candidate genes have not yet been verified in follow-up investigation. In this study, we expand on the topic of gender identity genomics by identifying rare variants in genes associated with sexually dimorphic brain development and exploring how they could contribute to gender dysphoria. To accomplish this, we performed whole exome sequencing on the genomic DNA of 13 transgender males and 17 transgender females. Whole exome sequencing revealed 120,582 genetic variants. After filtering, 441 variants in 421 genes remained for further consideration, including 21 nonsense, 28 frameshift, 13 splice-region, and 225 missense variants. Of these, 21 variants in 19 genes were found to have associations with previously described estrogen receptor activated pathways of sexually dimorphic brain development. These variants were confirmed by Sanger Sequencing. Our findings suggest a new avenue for investigation of genes involved in estrogen signaling pathways related to sexually dimorphic brain development and their relationship to gender dysphoria.
Abstract: Introduction: It has been hypothesized that gender incongruence in transgender women could result from an antenatal impaired androgen activity on the developing brain. As the length of polymorphic cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG) repeat sequences in the androgen receptor (AR) gene is inversely correlated with AR transcriptional activity, some studies explored a possible association between long CAG repeats and gender incongruence in trangender women. Yet results remain inconclusive.Aim: To systematically evaluate whether a difference exists in the length of AR CAG repeat sequences between trans women and men without gender incongruence.Methods: A thorough search of Medline, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and CINAHL databases was carried out to identify suitable case-control studies. Methodological quality of the included articles was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. In the absence of between-studies heterogeneity, as assessed by the Cochrane’s Q and I2 tests, standardized mean differences (SMDs) in the length of AR CAG repeats were combined using a fixed effect model. Funnel plot and trim-and-fill analysis were used to assess publication bias.Main outcome measure: The association of gender incongruence in transgender women with longer length of AR CAG repeat sequences was evaluated by calculating pooled standardized mean difference with 95% confidence interval (CI).Results: 5 studies included in the quantitative analysis collectively provided information on 795 trans women and 1,355 control men. At the overall estimate, the MtF group exhibited a significantly longer length of AR CAG repeat sequences (pooled standardized mean difference: 0.13, 95% CI: 0.04 to 0.22; P = 0.005; I2 = 0%, Pfor heterogeneity = 0.51). Sensitivity analysis demonstrated the high stability of the result. Funnel plot revealed a possible publication bias, and the trim-and-fill test detected 2 putative missing studies. Nevertheless, the significant association persisted even when pooled estimate was adjusted for publication bias.Clinical implications: These findings could suggest a contribution of a genetically mediated impairment in androgen signaling in development of gender incongruence for transgender women.Strength & limitations: This is the first meta-analysis exploring the relationship between AR CAG repeat polymorphism and gender incongruence. However, interactions with other functional genetic variants were not explored, and caution should be exercised when generalizing these results because of the possible variability in the distribution of CAG repeats among different populations and ethnic groups.Conclusion: Trans woman population exhibits significantly longer polymorphic CAG repeat sequences in the AR gene. Further studies are warranted to elucidate whether, how and to what extent multiple functional variants in sex hormone signaling genes could be associated with gender incongruence/dysphoria.
Abstract: Gender dysphoria (GD) is a facet of modern human biology which is believed to be derived from the sexual differentiation of the brain. GD “involves a conflict between a person’s physical or assigned gender and the gender with which he/she/they identify”, as defined in the DSM-5. Individuals report feeling uncomfortable and faced with prejudice from those around them, affecting their mental health. Elucidating the relationship between genetic influences on gonadal and brain development could give an insight into understanding this clinical condition. To explore this issue, a review of the literature database was carried out. Evidence suggests that abnormal biological processes, including mutations in certain genes, can lead to abnormal gonadal development, causing some fetuses to present with indifferent gonads and to be reassigned at birth to the default female sex. This disparity in genetic influences relates to an increased likelihood of a diagnosis of GD. An investigation into complete androgen insensitivity syndrome, involving androgen receptor (AR) gene mutation, suggests that such individuals also experience GD. It is known that the brains of males and females are different. Evidence further suggests that brain anatomy and neuronal signaling pathways are more closely aligned with a person’s perceived gender identity. Individuals who present with discordant gonadal and brain developments experience psychological challenges that may contribute to a state of unease or generalized dissatisfaction with their biological sex. These point to a possible biological and genetic underpinning of GD as stemming from a discordance between gonadal and brain development. However, not enough evidence has associated these differences with GD. Further research is required to elucidate the true mechanisms and possible inheritance pattern of GD for a better education and greater understanding by clinicians and the general public on perceptions regarding GD.
Stochastic Jumping Robots for Large-scale Environmental Sensing
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Possible toxicity of chronic carbon dioxide exposure associated with mask use, particularly in pregnant women, children and adolescents -a scoping review
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Using Numerical Simulation and Artificial Neural Networks to Investigate the Influence of Flood Control Infrastructures
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Extraction of Synovial Fluid from the Non-Effusive Pathologic Knee with Pneumatic Compression
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A Wirelessly Controlled Shape-Memory Alloy-Based Bistable Metal Swimming Device
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Analysis of the precision of the Splitting and Rapid Splitting test for growth strain in trees
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Supplementary Information for "A Wirelessly Controlled Shape-Memory Alloy-Based Bistable Metal Swimming Device"
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Heritability of growth strain in Eucalyptus bosistoana: a Bayesian approach with left-censored data
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Narrow-sense heritabilities of the wood properties of two-year-old Eucalyptus bosistoana were estimated from 623 stems. Heritability estimates for growth-strain (0.63), density (0.54), diameter (0.76), volumetric shrinkage (0.29), acoustic velocity (0.97) and stiffness (0.82) are presented. A modified version of the splitting test for detecting growth-strain is described. The modified rapid testing procedure results in left-censored growth-strain data, a Bayesian approach is implemented to reduce errors associated with censored data sets. Correlations between wood properties are presented and discussed, as well as trade-offs when shifting trait means by selective breeding.
A Computer Vision Sensor for AI Accelerated Detection and Tracking of Occluded Objects
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Unsupervised Character Recognition with Graphene Memristive Synapses
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An illustrated guide to IUH/GIUH estimation
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Surgical Robotics Systems for Deep Brain Neurosurgery
Supplementary Information for "Magnetic miniature actuators with six-DOF multimodal soft-bodied locomotion"
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Magnetic miniature actuators with six-DOF multimodal soft-bodied locomotion
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Practical possibilities of pumped-storage power plants implementation in liquidated underground mines
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Spatiotemporally Programmable Metasurfaces via Viscoelastic Shell Snapping
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Multi-objective Optimization operation Solar PV rooftop Indonesia
The meaning of the infinitely great