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Quantification of Enrichment Processes in Throughfall and Stemflow in a Mixed Temperate Forest
  • Maria H. Grundmann,
  • Peter Molnar,
  • Marius Floriancic
Maria H. Grundmann
Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule Zurich Departement Bau Umwelt und Geomatik
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Peter Molnar
Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule Zurich Departement Bau Umwelt und Geomatik
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Marius Floriancic
Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule Zurich Departement Bau Umwelt und Geomatik

Corresponding Author:[email protected]

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Abstract

Forest ecosystems depend on throughfall and stemflow fluxes for both water and nutrient input. Spatial and temporal variability of throughfall and stemflow fluxes are large and differ between tree species. The nutrient fluxes that accompany throughfall and stemflow are affected by climate, precipitation intensity, the seasonality of dry deposition, and canopy exchange processes. The interdependence of these factors make it challenging to quantify changes in throughfall and stemflow amounts as well as their nutrient content. Here we provide observation-based evidence from 3.5 years of record with 222 rainfall events, of the seasonal variability of throughfall and stemflow magnitude and ion concentrations under a beech (Fagus silvatica) and spruce (Picea abies) tree. Interception and canopy cover were seasonally variable, average annual interception was 53% below beech, 61% below spruce and 68% below young spruce canopies. Further we assess seasonality of ionic nutrients such as NH 4 and NO 3 as well as Mg, Ca and K and their dependence on both dry deposition and canopy exchange. Throughfall and stemflow were enriched compared to precipitation, with large differences between ions and different months. Antecedent precipitation was a main control on throughfall and stemflow enrichment. We developed a conceptual model of the potential drivers of throughfall and stemflow enrichment based on our observations. While NH 4 and NO 3 enrichment are likely dominated by dry deposition and dew and fog accumulation, Mg, Ca and K were additionally affected by canopy exchange. Observation based studies such as this one are needed to understand precipitation and nutrient partitioning across forests, which enables to predict how changes in climate and forest composition will affect local hydrology and nutrient inputs into forest ecosystems.