The fishes of the Doradidae family constitute one of the most diverse groups of Neotropical freshwater environments. Acanthodoradinae is the oldest lineage and sister group to all other thorny catfishes, and includes only the genus Acanthodoras. The diversity of Acanthodoras remains underestimated, with several putative species yet to be described, as well as others requiring revalidation. The development of complementary approaches, including genetic studies, is an essential step to better characterize the diversity and relationships among the species within the genus. Therefore, we conducted a comprehensive analysis using conventional cytogenetic techniques and mapping of seven repetitive DNA sequences in two sympatric species from the Negro River: Acanthodoras cataphractus and Acanthodoras cf. spinosissimus. The new set of genetic data generated in our study allowed us to realize the reconstruction of the ancestral chromosome number (2n) for Doradidae. The results revealed species-specific patterns that efficiently diagnose both species. The microstructural divergences are possibly a product from a complex interaction among chromosome rearrangements and repetitive DNA dispersal mechanisms, whose origins and fixation rates directly reflect the geomorphological history of the Amazon basin. The karyotypic data now available for the Acanthodoradinae subfamily confirms that the 2n = 58 chromosomes is the plesiomorphic condition of Doradidae, a crucial step for understanding the chromosome evolution of thorny catfishes and closely related groups. This study contributes to the understanding of the mechanisms behind chromosome diversification and karyotypic evolution of the Doradidae family and highlights the importance of the Acanthodoradinae subfamily in the evolutionary history of thorny catfishes.

Diversity gradients are observed in various groups of organisms. For fishes in streams, the Water-Energy, Productivity and Temporal Heterogeneity hypotheses are considered the best combination to explain richness patterns. The relationship between species diversity and the variables that represent the hypotheses are generally considered linear and stationary, that is, there is equal relation of cause and effect along an entire geographical extension. The assumption of stationarity has not been tested or even observed in diversity gradients, thus producing imprecise models. Therefore, our goal is to quantify stationarity in the existing relationships between the ichthyofauna of streams and the Water-Energy, Productivity and Temporal Heterogeneity hypotheses using a Geographically Weighted Regression – GWR. In the proposed model, there is conspicuous absence of stationarity between fish species richness and the tested hypotheses. Furthermore, water-energy dynamics were observed as a possible metabolic restriction mechanism acting on the community structuring of stream fishes. This mechanism divides the fish fauna from the studied Brazilian watercourses in two regions: i) Amazonian, characterized by a stable climate and populations with little resistance to thermal variation; and ii) Central, featured by greater ranges of temperature and fish populations resistant to thermal variation.