The investigation of upper mantle structure beneath the US has revealed a growing diversity of discontinuities within, across, and underneath the sub-continental lithosphere. As the complexity and variability of these detected discontinuities increase - e.g., velocity increase/decrease, number of layers and depth - it is hard to judge which constraints are robust and which explanatory models generalize to the largest set of constraints. Much work has been done to image discontinuities of interest using S-waves that convert to P-waves (or reflect back as S-waves). A higher resolution method using P-to-S scattered waves is preferred but often obscured by multiply reflected waves trapped in a shallow layer, limiting the visibility of deeper boundaries. Here, we address the interference problem and re-evaluate upper mantle stratification using filtered Ps-RFs interpreted using unsupervised machine-learning. Robust insight into upper mantle layering is facilitated with CRISP-RF: Clean Receiver-Function Imaging using Sparse Radon Filters. Subsequent sequencing and clustering of the polarity-filtered Ps-RFs into distinct depth-based clusters, clearly distinguishes three discontinuity types: (1) intra-lithosphere discontinuity with no base, (2) intra-lithosphere discontinuity with a top and bottom boundary (3) transitional and sub-lithosphere discontinuities. Our findings contribute a more nuanced understanding of mantle discontinuities, offering new perspectives on the nature of upper mantle layering beneath continents.

A document by Ziqi Zhang. Click on the document to view its contents.

West Africa continues to host a growing number of low and intermediate-magnitude earth- quakes (M2-5) along its passive margins, and its continental interior. Earthquake activity in these regions raises the need to comprehend the causes and the tectonic controls of the seismicity. Unfortunately, such studies are rare. Here, we apply single-station inversion techniques to constrain fourteen focal mechanisms, computed after compiling a set of high- quality waveforms. We describe the connection between seismicity, the contemporary stress field, anthropogenic activity, and Holocene fault scarps in the region. Our results indicate transpressive stresses acting on the inherited brittle structures in the passive margins. We also observe a compressive regime in the intracontinental failed rifts. We attribute the seismicity to the reactivation of ‘weak’ faults in the Neoproterozoic and Mesozoic failed rifts, the passive transform structures, and the intracratonic Precambrian brittle shear zones.

On September 5-7, 2018, a series of tremors were reported in Nigeria's capital city, Abuja. These events followed a growing list of tremors felt in the stable intra-plate region, where earthquakes are not expected. Here, we review available seismological, geological, and geodetic data that may shed light on the origin of these tremors. First, we investigate the seismic records for parent location of the orphan tremors using a technique suitable when a single-seismic station is available such as the Western Africa region, which has a sparse seismic network. We find no evidence of the reported tremors within the seismic record of Western Africa. Next, we consider the possibility of a local amplification of earthquakes from regional tectonics, reactivation of local basement fractures by far-field tectonic stresses, landward continuation of oceanic fracture zones, or induced earthquakes triggered by groundwater extraction. Our assessments pose important implications for understanding Western Africa's intraplate seismicity and its potential connection to tectonic inheritance, active regional tectonics, and anthropogenic stress perturbation.

The Earth, in large portions, is covered in oceans, sediments, and glaciers. High-resolution body wave imaging in such environments often suffers from severe reverberations, that is, repeating echoes of the incoming scattered wavefield trapped in the reverberant layer, making interpretation of lithospheric layering difficult. In this study, we propose a systematic data-driven approach, using autocorrelation and homomorphic analysis, to solve the twin problem of detection and elimination of reverberations without a priori knowledge of the elastic structure of the reverberant layers. We demonstrate, using synthetic experiments and data examples, that our approach can effectively identify the signature of reverberations even in cases where the recording seismic array is deployed in complex settings. For example, using data from (1) the Alaska amphibious community seismic experiment (AACSE), (2) Earthscope transportable array stations deployed in the sedimentary basin around the Mississippi embayment, and (3) stations deployed on ice-sediment strata in the glaciers of Antarctica. The elimination of the reverberation is implemented by a frequency domain filter whose parameters are automatically tuned using seismic data alone. Application of our technique to single stations shows that signal enhancement is best when reverberation is attributable to a single layer. On glaciers where the reverberating sediment layer is sandwiched between the lithosphere and an overlying ice layer, homomorphic analysis is preferable in detecting the signature of reverberation. We expect that our technique will see wide application for high-resolution body wave imaging across a wide variety of conditions.

While the receiver function technique has been successfully applied to high-resolution imaging of sharp discontinuities within and across the lithosphere, it has been shown, however, that it suffers from severe limitations when applied to seafloor seismic recordings. This is because the water and sediment layer could strongly influence the receiver function traces, making detection and interpretation of crust and mantle layering difficult. This effect is often referred to as the singing phenomena in marine environments. Here, we show how one can silence this singing effect. We demonstrate, using analytical and synthetic waveform modeling, that this singing effect can be reversed using dereverberation filters tuned to match the elastic property of each layer. We apply the filter approach to high-quality earthquake records collected from the NoMelt seismic array deployed on normal, mature (~70 Ma) Pacific seafloor. An appropriate filter designed using the elastic properties of the underlying sediments, and obtained from prior studies, greatly improves the detection of Ps conversions generated from the moho (~8.6 km) and from a sharp discontinuity (<~ 5 km) across the lithosphere asthenosphere transition (~72 km). Sensitivity tests show that the filter is robust to small errors in the sediment properties. Our analysis suggests that appropriately filtering out the sediment reverberations from ocean seismic data could make inferences on subsurface structure more robust. We expect that this study will enable high-resolution receiver function imaging of the base of the oceanic plate across a growing fleet of ocean bottom seismic arrays being deployed in the global oceans.