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INTRODUCTION In order to understand how galaxies build up mass through cosmic time and become the objects we see around us in the present-day Universe, we need to accurately probe their cold gas content which reveals their capacity for making stars. As molecular hydrogen itself has no dipole moment, the majority of bulk molecular gas studies have depended on the ¹²CO lines to obtain molecular masses through the now (in)famous “X-factor” (mapping to H₂ column density) or αCO (mapping to H₂ mass).