Theoretical and Empirical Evidence for Extended Phenotypes in a
Specialized Parasite of Spiders
Abstract
Parasite induced changes in host behavior is considered adaptive if it
provides a reproductive advantage to the parasite. The entomopathogenic
fungi are a fascinating group of arthropod parasites that exhibit
enormous diversity in terms of both host choice and reproductive
strategy, some of which actively manipulate the behavior of their host
as a means to increase reproductive success. Here we focus on anamorphs
of the genus Torrubiella, namely Gibellula spp., which are all obligate
pathogens of spiders that kill their hosts in locations suspiciously
ideal for fungal reproduction and propagation. In a final, eerily
purposeful act, hosts reliably spin a thin stratum of web on the
under-surface of a leaf to which they secure themselves immediately
before death. We provide both theoretical and empirical lines of
evidence that this phenomenon represents an extended phenotype of
parasite genes analogous to those observed in other taxonomically
related parasite-host systems. We argue that observations of spiders
killed by Gibellula sp. both in the field (in situ) and the laboratory
(in vitro), as well as this species’ close phylogenetic relation to
other fungal lineages believed or suspected to influence host behavior,
are strong evidence for the presence of adaptive manipulation.