Public Articles
Silicon Photomultiplier Structure and Properties
The Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM) is essentially an array of silicon avalanche p-n photodiodes operating in Geiger-mode. It is necessary to review some basics of the p-n junction to understand how the SiPM operates.
A p-n junction is the fusion of a p-type and n-type semiconductor together. A P-type region contains a majority of hole (positive) carriers and few electrons. A N-type region contains a majority of mobile electrons and few holes. Properties exist that can be exploited for the use of the SiPM when the two regions are brought into contact, diffusion of carrier concentration being one of those properties. Holes from the p-type region diffuse to the n-type region and electrons from n-type region diffuse to the p-type region leaving behind negatively charged ionized acceptor atoms and positively charges ionized donor atoms respectively. As a result of this diffusion, a narrow region on both sides of the p-n junction become nearly depleted of mobile charge carriers, called the depletion layer [1]. The depletion layer contains only fixed charges of negative ions in the p-region and positively charged ions in the n-region. These fixed charges created an internal electric field that points from n-side to p-side as seen in figure 1. There then exists a built in voltage at the interface preventing electrons moving into p-side and holes into n-side. The built in voltage goes as $V_{bi}=\frac{kT}{q}ln(\frac{N_DN_A}{n_i^2})$, where ND are donor concentrations, NA are acceptor concentrations, and ni is the intrinsic carrier concentration [3]. No net current will flow across the junction while unbiased.
\DeclareFloatingEnvironment [fileext=box,placement=!t,name=Box]floatbox Sane as it Ever Was: The Historical Meaning of the Crisis in Psychology
In an article entitled “Has Psychology Failed?” Joseph Jastrow reflects on whether prominent scholars such as William James and Stanley Hall had been right to be pessimistic about the advancement of psychology since the days of its conception as an empirical science. He notes the following:
“The present text-book chaos is the work of drifting pilots. They leave the student with the impression of a patch-work quilt whereas actually the mind is a tapestry.” (Jastrow, 1935, p. 268)
In this preface to the chapters of a book that concern the specific case of evaluating competing ætiologies of developmental dyslexia, I conjecture that the general failure to advance the empirical social sciences as a natural science lies in the not so recent past. The current crisis of confidence in the empirical record of the social and life sciences is not due to the (ab)use of inferential statistics as a means to haul in huge quantities of scientific knowledge, but is more likely due to the inability of the scientific community to stop expanding the patch-work quilt by suggesting a new theory (or paradigm) for each freshly caught fact. That is, this crisis concerns the curious case of an empirical science in which the very thing that separates this branch from the other disciplines –knowledge inference by means empirical tests of theoretical claims– seems to have little or no authority at the level of evaluating the truth-likeness (verisimilitude) of theories.
The conjecture: If empirical disciplines of social science experienced crises of confidence before statistical hypothesis testing was adopted as the main tool for scientific inference, it is unlikely that inferential statistics are the true cause of the current crisis. Reforms exclusively aimed at improving this type of scientific inference, although necessary, are unlikely to be successful in preventing another crisis from happening again in the next decade. Based on an examination of historical commentaries on the state of theory evaluation in psychological science, I will suggest that the only way forward for the empirical social sciences in general, is to join the tapestry weaving guild and establish a consensus science, a science in which “theory and data speak more for themselves” (Fanelli, 2010). In the ‘softer’ fields of empirical science theoretical disputes mainly concern circular ‘special sauce’ arguments: “You did not evidence the phenomenon I study, because you do not know what it takes to evidence the phenomenon I study and neither do I when you ask me to be explicit about it a-priori”.
This transition will not happen overnight, but as I will argue in what follows, the claim of being young and still maturing as a science as an excuse for its delayed occurrence is untenable. The importance of transforming into a consensus empirical science was recognised in the earliest Principia of Psychology. Moreover, I believe it is essential to start this discussion right now, because the Open Science movement has all the potential to play a crucial role in laying down the foundations for a discipline that studies human nature as a natural science within the next decade.
Information Design · 2203017
Understanding Cikapundung
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Literate culture among students: an interview
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Mungkin yang anda maksud "artikel bidang ilmu kebumian" pada jurnal ilmiah.
Mungkin yang anda maksud "artikel" pada jurnal ilmiah.
Untitled Document
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Historical Index Upload Database Technical Documentation
Devemos alongar antes de fazer exercícios?
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Technical Report Template
Research Proposal Template
This should be a brief statement of the problem you plan to address. It should look something like an abstract.
There are 4 kinds of broader impacts. 1. advance discovery and understanding while promoting teaching, training and learning 2. broaden the participation of underrepresented groups 3. disseminated broadly to enhance scientific and technological understanding 4. benefits of the proposed activity to society
Kick off meeting pendirian Center of Excellence (CoE) bidang CCS
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On the frecuency of simple somatic mutations
Genetic instability is a landmark of cancer, but simple patterns may be hidden behind it's complex evolution laws. This paper presents the results of analysing the distribution of mutations accross genes of the ICGC simple somatic mutations data.
Correlation between the structure and chemical composition of biomass chars.
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The network structure of depressive symptoms in adolescence: what happens during treatment?
Unnamed Article
Establishment and transfer of classical eyeblink conditioning using electrical microstimulation of the hippocampus as the conditioned stimulus
Bing Wu1,2*, Guang-yan Wu2, Xuan Li2, Jian-ning Ye3#, Jian-feng Sui1,2#
1Department of Physiology, of Medical Science, , 400038, PR China
of Basic Medicine, Medical Science, Third Military Medical
University, 400038, PR China
3Department of Neurology, , , 400038, PR China
Abstract:
The present experiment was designed to determine whether classical eyeblink conditioning (EBC) can be established under the conditions of using electrical microstimulation of hippocampus as the conditioned stimulus (CS) paired with airpuff unconditioned stimulus (US), to observe whether EBC transfer would occur when CSs shift between microstimulation of hippocampus as a CS (Hip-CS) and tone as a CS (tone CS), and to compare the difference in transfer effectiveness between delay EBC (dEBC) and trace EBC (tEBC). A total of 8 groups of guinea pigs, including 4 experimental groups and 4 control groups were included in the study. The experimental groups accepted Hip-CS (or tone CS) paired with US firstly; then, shifted CS to tone CS (or Hip-CS) and paired with US. The control groups accepted corresponding Hip-CS (or tone CS) and pseudo-paired with US, and then shifted to tone CS (or Hip-CS) and paired with US. Results show that EBC could be successfully established when using microstimulation of hippocampus as the CS pairing with airpuff US, and that acquisition rates of EBC were higher in experimental groups than in control groups after switching from Hip-CS to tone CS or vice versa, indicating the occurrence of learning transfer between EBC established with Hip-CS and tone CS. The present study also demonstrated that EBC acquisition rates were remarkably higher in dEBC than in tEBC in both transfer ways, suggesting that memory of CS–US association was less disturbed in dEBC than in tEBC by the sudden switch of CSs. The result is of significance to expand our knowledge about EBC transfer as well as the functional neural circuit underlying EBC transfer.
Simultaneous DCE MRI (and 18F-FDG PET4
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Experimental Notes
Resumos de Física
- ) A energia cinética é a energia associada ao movimento de um corpo, simbolizada por Ec, esta que será tanto maior quanto maior for a massa do corpo- m - e maior a sua velocidade- v - sendo definida pela expressão: \(Ec=\frac{1}{2}mv^2\) . E- jouls; m- kg (kilograma); v- m/s. * velocidade é igual à distancia a dividir por unidade de tempo*
- ) A energia potencial é a energia não associada ou movimento mas sim à potencialidade/possibilidade de o alterar devido a interações ( forças ). Existem vários exemplos de energia potencial:
- Energia potencial gravítica : há forças gravíticas entre corpos. exemplo: o sistema corpo Terra+Sol.
- Energia potencial elétrica: há forças elétricas entre corpos ou partículas com cargas elétricas. São importantes nas ligações químicas. exemplo: o sistema protão+eletrão.
- Energia potencial elástica: há forças elásticas entre corpos. exemplo: sistema mola+bola. *está na origem do movimento da bola e da mola quando se solta a bola *
Ec existe sempre que há movimento; Ep está associada a interações entre partes de um sistema.
- energia cinética das partículas do sistema.
- energia potencial, associada às interações entre essas partículas.
- da agitação corpuscular das partículas e portanto da temperatura do sistema ( quanto maior a sua agitação térmica implica maior ec que implica maior temperatura )
- do número de partículas do sistema ( quanto maior for a quantidade de matéria no sistema, maior será a sua energia interna ).
* se a temperatura de um sistema variar a agitação térmica das partículas também irá variar e consequentemente a energia cinética.*
Research Proposal
Journal Of Chemical Crystallography Template