The development of nanobubble technology provides a good means for tumor diagnosis and treatment. In this review, the research and development progress of nanobubbles is discussed. On the one hand, they can be used as a good contrast agent for tumors and effectively visualize the shape of tumors. On the other hand, due to its good water solubility, high drug loading rate and stability, it is used for the delivery of anti-tumor drugs, mainly including oxygen nanobubbles, which can significantly improve the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs through precise administration and targeted reoxygenation in the hypoxic area of the tumor; there are also vapor nanobubbles, which are formed by external forces (such as heat or sound) to induce instantaneous stimulation of nanoparticles, destroy the structure and release drugs to achieve therapeutic effects. Nanobubbles can also be used in combination therapy with other drugs. It is expected that this review will provide new ideas for tumor applications based on nanobubble technology and promote the process of tumor treatment.

Previously, little is known about the relationship between the PIK3R1 mutation status and the resistance to HER2-targeted therapies. Herein, we report a HER2-positive breast cancer patient with PIK3R1EY451delinsD showed resistance to HER2-targeted therapy, and adding everolimus to the treatment of trastuzumab and carboplatin achieved better effect.

NTRK gene-fusions are rare but can occur in diverse cancers. The NTRK inhibitor larotrectinib is newly approved by the FDA. This paper reports the first case of a man with a NTRK-rearranged soft tissue sarcoma treated with larotrectinib in the neoadjuvant setting, in Belgium, to avoid limb amputation.

Temozolomide (TMZ) is a standard of care treatment for Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM). We report a fatal outcome of a 55 years old female with GBM who developed persistent aplastic anemia (AA) while being treated with TMZ. This case highlights the possibility of a dose-independent and fatal AA secondary to TMZ.

Background: Pulmonary metastasis(PM) form hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is a major indicator of a poor prognosis after liver resection. The study aimed to probe into the influencing factors for PM following open liver resection(OLR) and laparoscopic liver resection(LLR) with HCC. Method: All patients who suffered from LLR and OLR for primary HCC, who developed pulmonary metastasis, as first extrahepatic metastasis, were retrospectively analyzed in our department from January 2014 to August 2020. Results: Thirty-three cases were included (median age 50 years,81.8% male). The patients with a single tumor had 23 cases (69.7%), and a total of 10 patients(30.3%) has two and more tumors. 21 cases (63.6%) were smaller than 10 cm of tumor diameter. The median of operation time was 200 minutes (110-360), Portal vein occlusion occurred in 12 patients(36.4%). Patients with intrahepatic recurrence received vertebroplasty combined chemotherapy(VPCC), targeted therapy , trans-arterial chemo-embolization(TACE) and radio frequency catheter ablation(RFCA) in 1(3%),1(3%),10(30.3%) and 7(12.1%) cases respectively. The 2- and 3- year cumulative probability of overall survival (OS) were 63% and 41%. The median OS was 30.8 months. The median recurrence time was 6 months(1.7-4.8). The median of confirmed PM time from HCC was 12.5 months(1.5-61.1) and 17(51.5%) patients died. Conclusion: Early detection of intrahepatic recurrence and treatment can prolong PM time and overall survival time.

Both innovator and generic imatinib are approved for the treatment of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia-Chronic phase (CML-CP). Currently, there are no studies on the feasibility of treatment free remission (TFR) with generic imatinib. In a single center prospective Generic Imatinib Free Trial - in -CML-CP (GIFT-in-CML-CP) study, twenty-six patients on generic imatinib for more than 3 years and in sustained deep molecular response (BCR ABLIS <0.01% for more than 2 years) were included. After treatment discontinuation, patients were monitored with complete blood count and BCR ABLIS by real time quantitative PCR monthly for one year and three monthly thereafter. Generic imatinib was restarted at single documented loss of major molecular response. At a median follow-up of 20 months (range, 4-34 months), 42.3% patients (n=11) continued to be in TFR. Estimated TFR at 1 year was 44%. All patients restarted on generic imatinib regained major molecular response. On multivariate analysis, attainment of complete molecular remission (CMR) prior to TFR trial was predictive of TFR [p=0.022, HR 0.284 (0.096-0.837)]. We conclude that , generic imatinib can be safely discontinued in CML-CP patients who are in deep molecular remission.

Hand and foot syndrome (HFS) is a toxic dermatologic reaction to chemotherapy, commonly described with capecitabine, 5fluouracile, vinorelbine, and cytarabine. Taxanes are less likely to induce HFS, and very few cases reported paclitaxel-induced HFS. We report a serious case of HFS induced by paclitaxel in a breast cancer female.

We also aimed to present our experience about the diagnosis and treatment of our cesarean scar choriocarcinoma case whose tumor was chemoresistant and recurred in four months.

Invasive aspergillosis is commonly encountered in immunosuppressed patients either primary through direct inoculation or secondary from blood dissemination. This report describes a case of 53 years old immunocompromised female patient who was diagnosed with frontotemporal anaplastic astrocytoma and developed nasal skin lesion turned to be invasive cutaneous aspergillosis.

Objectives: The optimal treatment for stage T1 glottis squamous cell carcinoma remains controversial. We compared the oncological and vocal outcomes of patients who received endoscopic surgery with radiofrequency ablation (RFA) or open surgery. Design&Setting&Participants: Data were retrospectively collected for 93 patients who received primary treatment by RFA (n = 65) or open surgery (n = 28) from 2008 to 2014. Main outcome measures:Their characteristics were compared using the chi-square test. The 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Prognostic factors were assessed by univariate analysis using the log-rank test and by multivariate analysis using Cox models. Subjective vocal outcomes were evaluated by Voice Handicap Index-30 (VHI-30) questionnaire. The VHI scores of the two groups were compared using Mann-Whitney U test. Results and Conclusions:The 5-year DFS was 72.3%(47 / 65) for the RFA group and 92.9% (26 / 28) for open surgery group The open surgery group and a significantly better 5-year DFS (P=0.03), but the two groups had comparable OS (RFA: 86.2%; open surgery: 78.6%; P=0.26). Open surgery led to significantly worse voice quality (P<0.001). Among patients who received open surgery, those with involvement of the anterior commissure had higher total VHI scores (P=0.02).RFA and open surgery were both effective surgical treatments for stage T1 glottis squamous cell cancer. Open surgery was associated with a lower local recurrence rate but a worse VHI score. Among patients receiving open surgery, those with tumors involving the anterior commissure had poorer vocal outcomes.

The treatment landscape for cancer therapy has changed drastically over the past decade. Tisagenlecleucel, the first genetically engineered adoptive cellular therapy approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration, has revolutionized this field by demonstrating impressive clinical success in children and young adults with relapsed/refractory B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (r/r B-ALL). Now three years since its approval, we have gained a deeper understanding on the basic immunobiology and clinical efficacy of this drug. This review will provide an updated summary of the clinical efficacy of tisagenlecleucel in childhood and young adults with r/r B-ALL, common side effects and their associated management strategies, as well as barriers that remain to be addressed in order to realize the maximum potential of this drug.

It is sometimes difficult to distinguish between multiple cancers and metastases using only diagnostic imaging, particularly when multiple hypervascular tumors are found in multiple organs. In such cases, preoperative histological evaluation may be essential for determining the management of tumors.

Neck masses can be a challenge because several cancers metastasize in this area. Head and neck tumors are more commonly responsible of lymph nodes in neck. However, also gastric cancer can be metastatic in this area. We present a rare case of neck gastric meta with negative Virchow's lymph node.

We report a case of synchronous p16+ squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) involving both the nasopharynx(NPC) and base of tongue treated at our institution. PET/CT suggested a likely occult lesion in the nasopharynx and adenoidectomy was required for confirmation of p16+ NPC

DS-ALL patients have a higher rate of relapse and treatment-related mortality. We describe a DS-ALL patient with late bone marrow relapse who was treated per British ALL R3 reinduction chemotherapy. The patient remained in remission for approximately two years after therapy was discontinued due to severe systemic infections.

IgG4-related disease (IgG4RD) with intracranial involvement is rare. We report a 56-year-old male who had an excellent response to rituximab and dexamethasone after going undiagnosed for 5 years. After 3 years of rituximab maintenance, he has no evidence of disease on brain MRI.

Objectives: The expression of CD3, CD4, CD8, PD-1 and PD-L1 in mucosal malignant melanoma tumors was analyzed by immunohistochemical staining. The aim was to explore the characteristics of malignant melanoma in head and neck and its correlation with the expression of these factors, to further our understanding of the disease. Design:Retrospective clinical study. Setting: Otorhinolaryngology unit of a tertiary hospital. Participants: 36 patients underwent immunohistochemical staining. Main outcome measures: In total, 24 patients underwent immunohistochemical staining of CD4, CD8, PD-1, and PD-L1, and 12 patients underwent CD3 immunohistochemical staining. Results: There was no significant difference between the expression of CD3, CD4, or CD8 and the general clinical features of mucosal melanoma. However, (1) the high rate of expression of CD8 was significantly different in different lesion locations: 85.71% in the nasal cavity/sinus/nasal cavity and sinus, and 66.67% in the nasopharynx; (2) the expression of PD-L1 was statistically significantly correlated with the combined expression of CD4, CD8 and CD4/CD8 (r = 0.451, P < 0.05); (3) the median progression-free survival times of patients with high and low expression CD4 were 24 months and 4 months, respectively, and those of patients with high and low expression of CD8 were 24 months and 6 months, respectively. Conclusions: The correlation between the expression of CD8 and PD-L1 suggests the role of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in anti-tumor immunity and their possible use as immunotherapy markers. In addition, the expression of CD4 and CD8 in tumor tissue may play a guiding role in the prognosis of patients.

Background Obesity is a chronic disease that is increasing in prevalence in adults, adolescents, and children and it is now considered to be a global epidemic. Current recommendation for treatment of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) does not take in consideration the weight of the patient and doses ofTKIs

Introduction: Encorafenib (BraftoviTM) is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma with a BRAF V600 mutation, in combination with binimetinib (Mektovi ®). According to the product label of encorafenib, there are no specific treatment recommendations in case of an overdose. Case presentation: We report on a 63 year old man who ingested a double dose (900 mg) of encorafenib for 16 days. He developed overall minor chronic intoxication symptoms such as upset stomach, bloating, occasional vomiting and muscle pain. Based on the most occurring adverse events of encorafenib, liver values, kidney function parameters and QTc interval were measured. Kidney function parameters were normal, whereas liver values were slightly increased and QTc slightly prolonged. The plasma concentration 3 hours after the last dose was 2110 ng/mL. Conclusion: We describe the course of a case with a chronic toxicity during 16 days of double dose of encorafenib as well as the followed approach, which could be taken into account when treating a patient with encorafenib intoxication.

Molecular targeted drugs and immune checkpoint blockades are not indicated for all advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cases. For such patients, cytotoxic drugs are the main treatment, and the prognosis remains poor. We present a valuable case of advanced NSCLC that was potentially permanent cured by pemetrexed maintenance chemotherapy.

AIM: This study aimed to assess the pharmacokinetics, tolerability, safety and exploratory analgesic efficacy of a novel water-soluble oro-buccal nanoparticle spray of a cannabis-based medicine in advanced cancer patients with unrelieved pain. METHODS: The study was a non-blinded single arm, single escalating dose (n=5) [2.5 mg Δ9-THC and 2.5 mg CBD) and multiple escalating doses (up to 5.5 doses)] of a two-stage pilot study in patients diagnosed with advanced cancers and intractable pain (n=25). RESULTS: As the cannabis-based medicine dose increased, maximum plasma concentrations of all analytes were approximately proportional to dose. The bioavailability of Δ9-THC and CBD in this water-soluble nanoparticle formulation was approximately twice the bioavailability reported for Δ9-THC/CBD formulation with ethanol. The water-soluble formulation in the current study resulted in a higher median (min, max) bioavailability of Δ9-THC than CBD (AUC from 2.5 mg each of Δ9-THC and CBD was 1.71 ng mL.h-1 (1.1, 6.6) and 0.65 ng mL.h-1 (0.49. 4.1), respectively). Analyte accumulation was not observed. In a subgroup of patients diagnosed with breast and prostate cancer with bone metastases, mean pain scores improvement from baseline was 40% (unadjusted) and 33% adjusted for rescue medication use. For all patients the most commonly reported adverse events were mild or moderate drowsiness affecting 11 (44%) and 4 (6%) patients, respectively and nausea and vomiting that affected 18 (72%) patients. CONCLUSIONS: The water-soluble cannabis-based medicine (NanaBisTM) provided acceptable bioavailability for Δ9-THC and CBD, appeared safe and tolerable in cancer with uncontrolled pain with preliminary evidence of analgesic efficacy.

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is one of the causes for large retroperitoneal masses. Symptoms could be minimal if the tumor is not hormonally active. We describe a case with only dull flank pain as an initial presentation. Imaging studies confirmed a large, irregular mass with central necrosis and calcification.

A 13-year-old female patient presented with a 20×15-mm pedunculated, elastic hard cauliflower-shaped lesion with a healthy color and partial erosion attached to the maxillary gingiva in the right maxillary first molar region. The lesion gradually grew over a year. Excisional biopsy was performed and histopathological analysis indicated epulis osteoplastica.

Pleomorphic sarcoma of the larynx is an extremely rare variant of laryngeal cancer. We report a case of 59 years old male patient presented with signs and symptoms of obstructive glottic mass, all diagnostic workups pointing to malignant pathology and histopathology report confirm the diagnosis of undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma.