Michela Ceria edited bits3.tex  over 7 years ago

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\hline  \end{tabular}  \end{center}  so we have a new three-bit vector, that we call again state.\\ \emph{state}.\\  We now need to compute the new mysterious value ?, and so we proceed  with the same algorithm, by taking the two bits at positions $x$ (i.e., $1$) and $1$ (i.e., $0$).\\  We will then get $1+0=1$ and so 

\end{tabular}  \end{center}  %  which becomes, after another shift to the right, the following state  %  \begin{center}  \begin{tabular}{ |c ||c|| c | c | c |} 

\end{tabular}  \end{center}  %  with the last shift we find the final state, which is the same as the initial state.  %  \begin{center}  \begin{tabular}{ |c ||c|| c | c | c |} 

We notice the following facts:  \begin{enumerate}  \item[(1)] After having performed the above algorithm seven times, we get again the initial vector state  $(1,0,1)$. \item[(2)] While performing the above algorithm, we find all seven nonzero $3$-bit strings   %only the numbers $1,2,3,4,5,6,7$ can be written using three bits not all zero and, performing the algorithm, we found all these numbers.   \end{enumerate} 

any polynomial $f\in \Fb[x]$ of the form $f=x^n+\ldots+1$ to construct an LFSR  producing $n$-bit vectors and such that any initial state is got again after  a finite number of iterations.\\  Fact (2) is more difficult to generalize. If we want an LFSR that can start from any initial nonzero vector state  and obtain all other nonzero vectors, vectors as states,  then we must use very special polynomials, called \emph{primitive} polynomials. %  \begin{Definition}\label{Primitive}  We call primitive any polynomial $f\in \Fb[x]$ of degree $n$ that, used as feedback polynomials of a LFSR, can generate all the non-zero  

\end{tabular}  \end{center}  After a shift to the right, we obtain the second state  \begin{center} 

    \end{center}  and, after a shift to the right, we get the third state    \begin{center}  \begin{tabular}{ |c ||c|| c | c | c |} 

\end{tabular}  \end{center}    From now on, we are stuck; indeed stuck with a zero state. Indeed  the mysterious bit will always be equal to $0$ and so, after the shift to the right, we the state  will always obtain remain  $(0,0,0)$. \end{Example}  We recall the notion of irreducible polynomial (Definition \ref{REDIRR}). An irreducible polynomial cannot be written as product of two non-trivial factors. It turns out that there is a close links between primitive polynomials and irreducible polynomials, as shown in the following theorem.  \begin{Theorem}