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* Paragraph to talk about the nowadays reality and describe some cases of machines actually ruling.  * Paragraph to introduce the thinking of Hildebrandt about machines.  * Paragraph to ask a question related with that. Particularly that related with democracy.  * Paragraph to introduce the thinking of Weber. Reformulate the question to focus rather on legitimacy than in democracy. *   "This is due to the fact that the modern Western state has inte- grated into a new political shape an old power technique that orig- inated in Christian institutions. We can caH this power technique "pastoral power."  The Subject and Power 333  First of a11, a few words about this pastoral power.  It has ofien been said that Christianity brought into being acode of ethics fundamenta11y different from that of the ancient world. Less emphasis is usua11y placed on the fact that it proposed and spread new power relations throughout the ancient world.  Christianity is the only religion that has organized itself as a Church. As such, it postulates in principIe that certain individuals can, by their religious quality, serve others not as princes, magis- trates, prophets, fortune-teHers, benefactors, educationalists, and so on, but as pastors. However, this word designates a very special form of power.  l. Itisaformofpowerwhoseultimateaimistoassureindividual salvation in the next world.  2. Pastoral power is not merely a form of power that commands; it must also be prepared to sacrifice itself for the life and sal- vation of the flock. Therefore, it is different from royal power, which demands a sacrifice from its subjects to save the throne.  3. It is a form of power that looks afier not just the whole com- munity but each individual in particular, during his entire life.  4. Finally, this form of power cannot be exercised without know- ing the inside of people's minds, without exploring their souls, without making them reveal their innermost secrets. It implies a knowledge of the conscience and an ability to direct it.  This form of power is salvation-oriented (as opposed to political power). It is oblative (as opposed to the principIe of sovereignty); it is individualizing (as opposed to legal power); it is coextensive and continuous with life; it is linked with a production of truth- the truth of the individual himself.  But aH this is part of history, you wi11 say; the pastorate has, if not disappeared, at least lost the main part of its efficacy.  This is true, but 1 think we should distinguish between two as- pects of pastoral power-between the ecclesiastical institutionali- zation that has ceased or at least lost its vitality since the eighteenth century, and its function, which has spread and multiplied outside the ecclesiastical institution."  "An important phenomenon took place around the eighteenth century-it was a new distribution, a new organization of this kind of individualizing power.  1 don't think that we should consider the "modern state" as an entity that was developed aboye individuals, ignoring what they are and even their very existence, but, on the contrary, as a very so- phisticated structure in which individuals can be integrated, under one condition: that this individuality would be shaped in a new form, and submitted to a set of very specific patterns.  In a way, we can see the state as a modern matrix of individu- alization, or a new form of pastoral power.  A few more words about this new pastoral power.  1. We may observe a change in its objective. It was a question no longer of leading people to their salvation in the next world but, rather, e:gsuring it in this world. And in this context, the word "salvation" takes on different meanings: health, well- being (that is, sufficient wealth, standard of living), security, protection against accidents. A series of "worldly" aims took the place of the religious aims of the traditional pastorate, all the more easily because the latter, for various reasons, had followed in an accessory way a certain number of these aims; we only have to think of the role of medicine and its welfare function assured for a long time by the Catholic and Protestant churches.  2. Concurrently, the officials of pastoral power increased. Some- times this forro of power was exerted by state apparatus or, in any case, by a public institution such as the police. (We should not forget that in the eighteenth century the police force was invented not only for maintaining law and order, nor for as- sisting governments in their struggle against their enemies, but also for assuring urban supplies, hygiene, health and stan- dards considered necessary for handicrafts and commerce.) Sometimes the power was exercised by private ventures, wel- fare societies, benefactors, and generally by philanthropists. But ancient institutions, for example the family, were also mo- bilized at this time to take on pastoral functions. It was also exercised by complex structures such as medicine, which in-  cluded private initiatives with the sale of services on market economy principIes but also included public institutions such  as hospitals.  3. Finally, the multiplication of the aims and agents of pastoral power focused the development of knowledge of man around two roles: one, globalizing and quantitative, concerning the population; the other, analytical, concerning the individual.  And this implies that power of a pastoral type, which over cen- turies-for more than a millennium-had been linked to a defmed religious institution, suddenly spread out into the whole social body. It found support in a multitude of institutions. And, instead of  a pastoral power and a political power, more or less linked to each other, more or less in rivalry, there was an individualizing "tactic" that characterized a series ofpowers: those ofthe family, medicine, psychiatry, education, and employers."  "what is power, and where does power come from? The flat and empiricallittle question, "What happens?" is not designed to introduce by stealth a metaphysics or an ontology of power but, rather, to undertake a critical investigation of the thematics of power."