deletions | additions       diff --git a/chapter_Research_Description_label_sec__.tex b/chapter_Research_Description_label_sec__.tex  index 1d30a98..5d74db2 100644  --- a/chapter_Research_Description_label_sec__.tex  +++ b/chapter_Research_Description_label_sec__.tex 
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A study conducted by the Portland Business Alliance, Port of Portland and Metro that congestion cost Portland local economy 6,500 jobs and \$844 million a year by 2025, including lost worker productivity, higher transportation costs and lost business earnings.\cite{fadare_ayantoyinbo_2010}. Comparatively, according to an economic report of the Philippines conducted by Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) which was tasked by the National Economic Development Authority (NEDA) Board, chaired by President Benigno S. Aquino III, that the present traffic cost of the country is P2.4 billion daily and by 2030 it would likely increase to P6 billion a day \cite{JICA_2014}.\\  \begin{table}  \begin{tabular}{ c c c c c }  \emph {Item} & \emph{2009} & \emph{2010} & \emph{2011} & \emph{2012} \\ \hline  \textbf {Motor Vehicles} \\ (Private, For Hire, Government) & 6,220,433 & 6,634,855 & 7,138,942 & 7,463,393 \\ \hline  \textbf {Total Passenger Traffic} & 43.872.565 & 52.701.654 & 49,815,295 & 49,485,001 \\ \hline  Disembarking & 21,723,679 & 26,851,004 & 25,384,389 & 25,217,885 \\ \hline  Embarking & 22,148,886 & 25,850,641 & 24,230,906 & 24,267,116 \\ \hline  \end{tabular}   \caption{Rail, Water, Land and Air Transportation Statistics 2009-2012}  \label{table:philippine-motor-statistics}  \end{table}  \\  Several efforts were made to address the congestion problem by both the government and private sectors. The most common solutions proposed is to create wider and sufficient roads to accommodate the growing number of vehicles. However, even rich cities like Los Angeles are unable to provide sufficient road space to eliminate heavy traffic on a freeway network \cite{Webber_2000}. Suggestions on restricting the use of cars are politically impossible unless it is a dictatorial state. Improvement of a safer and better public transportation is another, this is where developing countries adapt systems like the Light Rail Transit (LRT), Metro Rail Transit (MRT) and Bus Rapid Transit (BRT). Obeservation and data gathering are being improved to detect vehicular density and flow to create analysis for better traffic management through the use of sensors such as RF-Id tags, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANET), Infrared System, Bluetooth, Zigbe, Multi-Agent Systems, Cameras, GPS and the use of mobile signals including 2G, 3G and LBS Systems \cite{Matthew_2014}.However, with numerous sensors, telemetry and telematics devices and other on-line traffic and mobility data collection tools utilized for monitoring traffic \cite{lopes_bento_huang_antoniou_ben-akiva_2010}, most of them are more applicable in developed countries. Recently, applications were developed through the knowledge of information technology such as Waze exercising fundamental routing methods.\\  In the Philippine setting and categorized as a developing country, traffic congestion is continuously a problem. The Philippines currently has Metro Traffic Live! application for mobile phones that is a part of the web application, Metro Manila Traffic Navigator (TNAV). Additionally, the MMDA Traffic Mirror, which is a real-time and on-line video feed of the current road situation, is the latest CCTV monitoring technology collaborated with InterAksyon.com, the on-line news portal of TV5 which allows motorists to monitor on-the-road traffic virtually. The development of these applications, Metro Traffic Live! and TNAV, made a significant impact on informing the motorists the latest traffic status along the major roads. However, apart from the efforts of the government to deploy traffic enforcers on the road, implement vehicular plate color coding, better traffic lights and developed applications, motorists and commuters face the same problem everyday. It is to be noted that the Philippines lags behind the implementation of land-based organization of public utility vehicles (PUV) such as buses and jeepneys. The current monitoring projects makes use of vehicular density data but, there are other sources to explore in order to produce solutions. These sources include the interactions and decisions made by the commuters and motorists through out daily activities on the road. \\ 
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Model of an individual agent can be separately modified and tested. In the example of using traffic models, measuring the behavior of individual drivers and compare it with an encoded agent model is possible. Afterwards, the agent can be placed into a simulation to calibrate the whole system's behavior through the use of the measured values.\\  The possibility of adapting a BRT system with the existing PUV's in Metro Manila, it is a challenge to prove how efficient in terms of shortening travel time and easing traffic congestion will the new PT System of having certain bus stops and scheduling can be.Without the use of prototypes on the road, alternatively using simulations using agent based models to evaluate the concept's efficiency is inexpensive and prevents major risks of implementation without proper study.  \\ \section{Research Objectives}  \label{sec:researchobjectives} 
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\section{Significance of the Research}  \label{sec:significance}  Mobility serves as a crucial factor in the daily business processes of cities as it affects the socio-economic development of an area. With the countries' urbanization, human activities and businesses greatly increasing, the proportion rate of motor-vehicle ownership and use is rising to 15 to 20 percent per year \cite{Odeleye_2008}. Traffic congestion is a hindrance to effective mobility. Table 1 shows the increase of motor vehicles and commuters in Metro Manila alone.  \begin{table}  \begin{tabular}{ c c c c c }  \emph {Item} & \emph{2009} & \emph{2010} & \emph{2011} & \emph{2012} \\ \hline  \textbf {Motor Vehicles} \\ (Private, For Hire, Government) & 6,220,433 & 6,634,855 & 7,138,942 & 7,463,393 \\ \hline  \textbf {Total Passenger Traffic} & 43.872.565 & 52.701.654 & 49,815,295 & 49,485,001 \\ \hline  Disembarking & 21,723,679 & 26,851,004 & 25,384,389 & 25,217,885 \\ \hline  Embarking & 22,148,886 & 25,850,641 & 24,230,906 & 24,267,116 \\ \hline  \end{tabular}   \caption{Rail, Water, Land and Air Transportation Statistics 2009-2012}  \label{table:philippine-motor-statistics}  \end{table}  \\  Without the use of prototypes on the road, alternatively using simulations using agent based models to evaluate the concept's efficiency is inexpensive and prevents major risks of implementation without proper study.