transportation network fortifying
Liu et al. \cite{LiuEtal2009} focus on improving the resilience and robustness of transportation system in mitigation of a disaster in uncertain disaster occurrence environment. In particular, for identifying bridges in seismic retrofitting, a two stage stochastic formulation is presented in order to minimize total structural and travel delay loss. In the stochastic model, in the first stage, retrofit decisions (bridges for retrofitting) are made, while total repair cost and belated traversal time is determined in the second stage. The authors also prioritize network retrofit strategies based on the importance of facilities and available budgets. for the solution methodology, the L-shaped technique is utilized. The model is evaluated on a real data from Sioux Fall City network with 24 nodes and 76 links as well as Alameda County network with 510 nodes and 1424 links.