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\section{Emergency facility location under random network damage: Insights from the Istanbul case}
network flow-network model\\
Salman and Yücel \cite{SalmanYucel2015} studied stochastic model of problem of determining the number and location of emergency response facilities(ERFs), within an urban area, and transferring relief items from ERFs to demand points. They modeled the problem as a network problem where the network's nodes consist of potential ERF locations, demand points and conjunctions points in the highway system and for the network edge, a set of paths form potential ERF location to demand points are generated. The uncertainty of the problem arises from random road failure, that represented by a set of discrete scenarios. In that event, the authors proposes a new scenario generation scheme, namely dependent link failure scheme, that incorporates both spatial proximity and the vulnerability level among the links.
Accordingly, they formulated the problem as a two-stage stochastic problem, in which at the first stage,i.e., pre-disaster phase, the number and location of ERFs are determined and after network realization, at the second stage,i.e., post-disaster phase, relief items are transferred via surviving shortest path between ERFs and demand points and total satisfied demands, as the objective function value, are computed. The problem of Istanbul earthquake preparedness case is solved by Tabu search heuristic and the results is compared with those obtained by \emph{no link failure} scheme, the situation where all the paths survive, and \emph{independent link failure} scheme, where only vulnerability level is considered in scenario generation.
