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\section{Fun with Arrays}  \label{sec:arrays}  Arrays are the most common types of collections in SuperCollider. Every time you write a collection of items between square brackets, like \texttt{[0, 1, 2]}, it is an instance of the class \texttt{Array}. You will often find yourself manipulating arrays in various ways. Here is a small selection of some interesting methods that arrays understand:    \begin{lstlisting}[style=SuperCollider-IDE, basicstyle=\scttfamily\footnotesize]  // Create some array  a = [10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17];  a.reverse; // reverse  a.scramble; // scramble  a.choose; // picks one element at random  a.size; // returns size of array  a.at(0); // retrieves item at specified position  a[0] ; // same as above  a.wrapAt(9); // retrieves item at specified position, wrapping around if > a.size  ["wow", 99] ++ a; // concatenates the two arrays into a new one  a ++ \hi; // a Symbol is a single character  a ++ 'hi'; // same as above  a ++ "hi"; // a String is a collection of characters  a.add(44); // creates new array with new element at the end   a.insert(5, "wow"); // inserts "wow" at position 5, pushes other items forward (returns new array)  a; // evaluate this and see that none of the above operations actually changed the original array  a.put(2, "oops"); // put "oops" at index 2 (destructive; evaluate line above again to check)  a.permute(3); // permute: item in position 3 goes to position 0, and vice-versa   a.mirror; // makes it a palindrome  a.powerset; // returns all possible combinations of the array's elements  \end{lstlisting}    You can do math with arrays:    \begin{lstlisting}[style=SuperCollider-IDE, basicstyle=\scttfamily\footnotesize]  [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] + 10;  [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] * 10;  ([1, 2, 3, 4, 5] / 7).round(0.01); // notice the parentheses for precedence  x = 11; y = 12; // try some variables  [x, y, 9] * 100;  // but make sure you only do math with proper numbers  [1, 2, 3, 4, "oops", 11] + 10; // strange result  \end{lstlisting}    \subsection{Creating new Arrays}  Here are a few ways of using the class \texttt{Array} to create new collections:  \begin{lstlisting}[style=SuperCollider-IDE, basicstyle=\scttfamily\footnotesize]  // Arithmetic series  Array.series(size: 6, start: 10, step: 3);  // Geometric series  Array.geom(size: 10, start: 1, grow: 2);  // Compare the two:  Array.series(7, 100, -10); // 7 items; start at 100, step of -10  Array.geom(7, 100, 0.9); // 5 items; start at 100; multiply by 0.9 each time  // Meet the .fill method  Array.fill(10, "same");  // Compare:  Array.fill(10, rrand(1, 10));   Array.fill(10, {rrand(1, 10)}); // function is re-evaluated 10 times  // The function for the .fill method can take a default argument that is a counter.  // The argument name can be whatever you want.  Array.fill(10, {arg counter; counter * 10});  // For example, generating a list of harmonic frequencies:  Array.fill(10, {arg wow; wow+1 * 440});   // The .newClear method  a = Array.newClear(7); // creates an empty array of given size  a[3] = "wow"; // same as a.put(3, "wow")  \end{lstlisting}  \subsection{That Funny Exclamation Mark}  It is just a matter of time until you see it in someone else's code: something like \texttt{30!4}, for example. This shortcut notation simply creates an array containing the same item a number of times:    \begin{lstlisting}[style=SuperCollider-IDE, basicstyle=\scttfamily\footnotesize]  // Shortcut notation:  30!4;  "hello" ! 10;  // It gives the same results as the following:  30.dup(4);  "hello".dup(10);  // or  Array.fill(4, 30);  Array.fill(10, "hello");  \end{lstlisting}    \subsection{The Two Dots Between Parentheses}  Since we are talking about syntax shortcuts, here is another common one used to create arrays.    \begin{lstlisting}[style=SuperCollider-IDE, basicstyle=\scttfamily\footnotesize]  // What is this?  (50..79);  // It's a shortcut to generate an array with an arithmetic series of numbers.  // The above produces the same result as:  series(50, 51, 79);  // or  Array.series(30, 50, 1);  // For a step different than 1, you can do this:  (50, 53 .. 79); // step of 3  // Same result as:  series(50, 53, 79);  Array.series(10, 50, 3);  \end{lstlisting}    Note that each command implies a slightly different way of thinking. The \texttt{(50..79)} allows you to think this way: ``\emph{just give me an array from 50 to 79}.'' You don't necessarily think about how many items the array will end up having. On the other hand, \texttt{Array.series} allows you to think: ``\emph{just give me an array with 30 items total, counting up from 50}.'' You don't necessarily think about who is going to be the last number in the series.  Also note that the shortcut uses parentheses, not square brackets. The resulting array, of course, will be with square brackets.  \subsection{How to ``do'' an Array}  Often you will need to do some action over all items of a collection. We can use the method \texttt{do} for this:    \begin{lstlisting}[style=SuperCollider-IDE, basicstyle=\scttfamily\footnotesize]  ~myFreqs = Array.fill(10, {rrand(440, 880)});  // Now let's do some simple action on every item of the list:  ~myFreqs.do({arg item, count; ("Item " ++ count ++ " is " ++ item ++ " Hz. Closest midinote is " ++ item.cpsmidi.round).postln});  // If you don't need the counter, just use one argument:  ~myFreqs.do({arg item; {SinOsc.ar(item, 0, 0.1)}.play });  ~myFreqs.do({arg item; item.squared.postln});  // Of course something as simple as the last one could be done like this:  ~myFreqs.squared;  \end{lstlisting}    When you ``do'' an array, you provide a function. The message \texttt{do} will iterate through the items of the array and evaluate that function each time. The function can take two arguments by default: the array item at current iteration, and a counter that keeps track of number of iterations. Again, the names for these arguments can be whatever you want, but they are always in this order: item, count.  See also the method \texttt{collect}, which is very similar to \texttt{do}, but returns a new collection with all intermediate results.