Specific Aims

Cerebral blood flow impairments are implicated in the pathogenesis of myriad neurological diseases, from multiple sclerosis to dementia. Understanding how cerebral blood flow is regulated under normal conditions may thus permit the development of therapies that can correct blood flow abnormalities and thereby alter the trajectory of neurological diseases. Studies consistently reveal two broad categories of blood flow impairment: 1. abnormal perfusion (hypo- or hyperperfusion), and 2. dampened vasodynamics, defined as a reduced ability of the cerebrovasculature to rapidly change resistance to blood flow in response to environmental shifts such as neural activity, blood pressure, oxygen level, etc. The cells responsible for regulating perfusion and vasodynamics are vascular mural cells, comprised of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and pericytes, which adorn the abluminal endothelium. While it is accepted that arterioles ensheathed by vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are capable of regulating blood flow by modulating vessel diameter, it is debated whether capillaries lined with pericytes can also regulate blood flow. The goal of this dissertation is to clarify the elements of the cerebrovasculature that can regulate blood flow under non-pathological conditions.

Pericytes are by definition embedded in the capillary basement membrane, placing them in a perfect position to control capillary blood flow. However, in vivo investigations into the capacity of pericytes to regulate capillary blood flow provide opposing conclusions, placing the field in a stalemate: one study claims that pericytes on capillaries can regulate cerebral blood flow, whereas another concluded that VSMCs on arterioles can control blood flow, but pericytes on capillaries cannot. Adding to the uncertainty of which cerebrovascular elements regulate blood flow in vivo, these in vivo studies defined pericytes differently. One study identified pericytes by the appearance of a protruberant ovoid cell body, a characteristic of pericytes, whereas the other study identified pericytes by the lack of alpha smooth muscle actin ( (  class="ltx_Math" contenteditable="false" data-equation="\alpha">\(\alpha\)SMA), a protein that confers contractile ability to VSMCs. These conflicting conclusions and definitions may be reconciled by findings from our lab and others that show the existence of "hybrid" cells in the vascular wall that express smooth muscle proteins yet have features of pericytes such as protruberant ovoid cell bodies. Considering the conflicting in vivo studies, and the heterogeneity of pericytes found ex vivo, I hypothesize that a subset of pericytes, those with smooth muscle cell features, can regulate blood flow. To test this hypothesis, we must understand how structural features of pericytes and VSMCs are distributed along the vascular architecture, and the locations where these features overlap. Then cells must be tested for their ability to regulate blood flow in vivo.

Specific Aims

Specific  Aim 1: To identify where features of pericytes and VSMCs exist within the vascular network, we will optically clear brain sections from mice with transgenically-labeled vascular mural cells, and analyze the locations of smooth muscle proteins and protruberant ovoid cell bodies relative to penetrating arterioles.

Specific arterioles.

Specific  Aim 2: To examine the capacity of pericytes and VSMCs to regulate blood flow in lightly-anesthetized mice, we will use two photon microscopy to visualize and excite ChR2-YFP expressed specifically in vascular mural cells.

Specific cells.

Specific  Aim 3: To test if pericytes and VSMCs control functional increases in blood flow, we will image measure the effect of ChR2 excitation on blood flow velocity with  and depolarize vascular mural cells during without  vibrissae stimulation in chlorprothixene-anesthetized mice expressing ChR2-YFP in vascular mural cells. 

 cells.