deletions | additions       diff --git a/Appendix 1. Hazard model inputs.tex b/Appendix 1. Hazard model inputs.tex  index 9eabf6d..0e0ace4 100644  --- a/Appendix 1. Hazard model inputs.tex  +++ b/Appendix 1. Hazard model inputs.tex 
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The area source zones created following this process are shown in Figure (1). It should also be noted that the technique used here breaks down somewhat in areas of very low seismicity, i.e. it is recognised that with the current earthquake catalogue, the technique is not suitable for Australia-wide seismic source zone definition.  \subsection{Activity and b-value determination}  Frequency-magnitude parameters were estimated using a method similar to Leonard (2012), the scripts are written in R., and, along with an example, can be found on the website http://vicquakehazmap.org/. Completeness magnitudes (M_c) were considered homogenous across the study domain. These were M 5.5 up until 1960, M 3.0 for 1960-1970, M 2.5 1970-present. We have only attempted to calculate earthquake magnitude relationships (EMR) where there were at least 30 independent events in the zone. If there were fewer than 30 events, the zone parameters were taken from a representative zone (“background east”).  \subsection{Active faults and fault Slip Rates}  Over the last couple of decades, knowledge of Australian intraplate faults has increased significantly (Clark, 2006). The location of faults is defined by field observation and geophysics/DEM analysis. The recent or ongoing activity of a fault is basically a binary decision made by the scientist on the basis of offset geology and or geomorphology. Occasionally, trenching has been performed to constrain total lip. Clark (2006) defines an “active fault” as one which has hosted displacement under conditions imposed by the current Australian crustal stress regime, and hence may move again in the future. This implies that an active fault is one that accumulated slip in the late Neogene to present. In some cases, a fault scarp cannot be observed on the surface but folding of the landscape allows deduction of a blind fault. These are typically described as monoclines.     Fault slip rates in Australia’s active faults are typically less than a ~ 0.1 mm/y. This compares to 10s of mm/y for plate boundaries, and ~1 mm/y for intermediate regions, for example, the Canterbury Plains which hosted the 2011 Darfield Earthquake (Reyners, 2013).     Active faults and fault properties were mainly taken from the Neotectonic Features Database (Clark et al., 2012), comprising 131 faults in the model domain. Some minor adjustments to these faults were made to that they had appropriate geometry for EZ-FRISK input.   Active faults added to Neotectonic Features database (12 added in total) were generally taken to be those that had some evidence Neogene activity. These were mostly sourced from literature and discussion with geologists, in particular Ross Cayley of the Victorian Geological Survey. The Neotectonic Features database is the primary input to the GEM neotectonic features (for Australia). Thus, active fault inputs to the current study should be similar to future hazard estimates performed with GEM.    Apart from high uncertainties associated with fault slip rates, a number of other assumptions in adding faults need to be made:   \begin{itemize}  \item All slip measured across the fault is assumed to be seismic slip (creep has not been recognised on Australian faults)  \item The slip rate is an average that makes no account for short term fluctuations  \item Measurements of slip rate along the surface is assumed to be representative of slip rates at seismogenic depths  \item Individual faults all have a b-value equal to the b-value of the area zone that contains them.  \end{itemize}  Assuming an exponential distribution on the activity model, the activity rate, N, is constrained by the upper bound magnitude, M_max, the b-value for the region and the fault slip rate, S. EZ-Frisk uses the relationship derived in Youngs and Coppersmith (1985). Also needed is a model of fault rupture area as a function of magnitude. The functional form for this model is log-linear in EZ-Frisk. Here, typical values were used (e.g. Wells and Coppersmith). The equation is as follows:   \begin{equation} \log_10(A) \end{equation}