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\section{Material \& Methods}  \textbf{Study \paragraph{Study  area and presence data} The geographical framework area  of this study (20ºN to 70ºN, 10ºW to 70ºE) comprises Europe and the Irano-Turanian region. This geographical frame area  does not cover the entire known range of Neanderthals, that which  extended at least to Okladnikov, Okladnikov  in Southern Siberia \cite{Krause_2007}, because we but there is  onlyfound  one single Neanderthal record attributed to MIS 5e beyond the Caspian Sea (Ust-Izhul, Siberia, \citet{Rolland2010}), and therefore our data would be too scarce to build a reliable model for this region. We found in the literature up to 65 archaeological sites attributed to Neanderthals presence during the last interglacial period (see Appendix). 35 of these presences were attributed by their authors to MIS 5e, while the remaining ones were broadly attributed to MIS 5, and therefore were excluded from our study. To reduce spatial clustering and pseudorreplication within the presence dataset we filtered the data applying a minimum distance of 100 km between nearby locations \cite{Guisan_2005}, what which  reduced the sample size down to 26 presence records (see Fig. 1). \textbf{Environmental \paragraph{Environmental  variables} To represent variables influencing Neanderthals distribution at the continental scale we selected a palaeoclimatic simulation performed with the NCAR Community Climate System Model \cite{Otto2006}. This coupled ocean-atmosphere-land-sea-ice general circulation model is coupled with an ice-sheet simulation to simulate the start of the Eemian (~130 ka BP). The results of this palaeoclimatic model fit very well with the available climatic proxies for the given period \cite{Otto2006}. This simulation is available at www.worldclim.com as a set of maps downscaled to 1km resolution representing 19 bioclimatic variables.