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\citet{Richter2006} briefly describes the distribution of Neanderthals during the Eemian, enumerates the more common hunting preys, describes briefly the harvesting of seafood, and explains a model of Neanderthals perception of the landscape during the Eemian, highlighting the importance of waterplaces.   \cite{Richter2005} provides a comprehensive list of Eemian sites compiled from other sources, but focuses most of his discussion on Kabazi II (Crimea), where extensive evidence of Neanderthal hunting and butchering over Equus hydruntinus has been found. Nevertheless, this paper also maps de di Also provides a complete description of the vegetation during the las interglacial, and discuss the lack of preys in dense forests probably related with a decrease in Neanderthals population in densely forested areas.  \citet{Gaudzinski2011} is focused on the archaeological remains available at the North German Plain (Neumark-Nord), discusses the low availability of hunting resources in the interglacial forested environments, enumerates the mammal species found with cut-marks (Neanderthal preys),  
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\textbf{Given our conclusions, what is our new understanding of the distribution of Neanderthals and the abiotic factors shaping it?}  \textbf{How do the model results fit the hypothesis presented in the introduction?}  According to our proposed hypothesis, the northern edge of Neanderthals distribution should be controlled by cold winters due to low availability of small and big game and cold stress. Our model confirms that minimum temperature of the coldest month influences habitat suitability at the continental scale, but the local scale analysis shows that the low habitat suitability of places within and beyond the northern edge (for example: Southern Baltic coast, Jutland peninsula, Southern Sweden, Southern Finland) can be explained by a combination of cold winters and plain slopes (LARGE FORESTED PLAINS WITH LOW PRODUCTIVITY??). slopes.  We hypothesized that hot and dry summers may have shaped the southern limit of Neanderthals distribution due to heat stress and low summer productivity resulted from drought, but also that this effect could have been buffered by the nearness of the sea in the Mediterranean coastlines. The analysis of our model showed that southern localities with summer temperatures higher than 34 ºC (2, 3, 17, 26, 27) consistently presented low habitat suitability, while habitat suitability was generally very high in the Mediterranean coastlines (and southern coast of the Black Sea), with summer temperatures between 29 and 34ºC. We failed to detect a consistent negative effect of summer rainfall. 
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The habitat suitability model presented in this study provides guidelines to interpret the potential effect of climatic and topographic barriers over Neanderthals dispersal and gene flow. Mountain ranges like Alps and Pyrenees were probably strong barriers during the Eemian (and during the early Weischselian, according to \citet{Andel}) that could have offer an opportunity to be crossed during the summer \cite{Richter2006}, but a rough topography could have been still an issue for the mobility requirements of Neanderthals. Extense plains dominated by a continental climate (Pannonian plain, North European plains) could have also prevented Neanderthals migration, specially during summers in the south and winters in the north. Finally, migration and gene flow through suitable coastal areas could have been relatively difficult due to the complex shape of the coast line and massive water bodies (Aegean Sea, Black Sea).   Our model shows at least six suitable geographical regions more or less isolated from each other: the Iberian Peninsula, limited by the Pyrenees; France and Western Germany, limited by the Alps, the north European plains and the sea; British Islands, but Neanderthals presence during the Eemian has not been confirmed there \cite{Penkman_2011}; Italian peninsula, limited by the Po Valley and the Alps; Peloponese and Aegean Islands, limited by the sea (but see \cite{Ferentinos_2012} \citet{Richter2005}, \citet{Broodbank_2006}  and \cite{Broodbank_2006} \citet{Ferentinos_2012},  for a discussion about the possibility of seafaring by Neanderthals), but without any reliable Neanderthal material attributed to MIS 5e; and the coasts of Anatolia, Lebanon and Israel. In the long term, the compartimentation of Neanderthal populations could have lead to genetic differentiation, as shown in \cite{Fabre_2009}. In this paper the authors studied genetic variation within twelve samples of mitochondrial DNA obtained from Neanderthal samples dated between 100 and 29 ka BP (but according to \cite{Higham_2014} the latter date may be more probably around 40 ka BP). They defined two genetic demes within our study area (see Fig. 2 in \cite{Fabre_2009}: a northern region that comprises the North of the Iberian Peninsula, Eastern France, Germany and the rest of central Europe; a southern region comprising the East of the Iberian Peninsula, South of France, Italian Peninsula, and the Balcans. These demes do not completely fit with our habitat suitability model: there seem to be connectivity between Eastern and Western Iberian Peninsula due to a corridor of suitable habitat at the south of Pyrenees, and between Western and Eastern France, that show a large extension of well connected suitable habitat. But both models agree in the important effect of the Alps as the main geographic accident shaping the separation between ecologically suitable areas and genetic demes. A detailed analysis of habitat suitability maps along with cultural and genetic evidences can help to understand the causes for gradients of cultural and genetic change across large territories.