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The habitat suitability model presented in this study provides guidelines for interpreting the potential effect of climatic and topographic barriers for Neanderthals dispersal. Mountain ranges like the Alps and Pyrenees probably were strong barriers during the Eemian (and during the early Weischselian, according to \citet{Andel}) that could have offered an opportunity to be crossed during the summer \cite{Richter2006}, but a rough topography could still have been an issue for the mobility requirements of Neanderthals. Extensive flat plains dominated by a continental climatic regime (Pannonian Plain, North European Plain) could also have prevented successful Neanderthal migration, especially during summer in the South and winter in the North.   Our model shows at least six suitable geographical regions, more or less isolated from each other: i) the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts of the Iberian Peninsula; ii) France and Western Germany, limited by the Alps, the North European Plains and the sea (???); iii) the British Islands, although, interestingly, Neanderthal presence has despite concerted efforts not been confirmed there during the Eemian \cite{Penkman_2011}; iv) Italian peninsula, limited by the Po Valley and the Alps; v) the Peloponese and Aegean Islands, limited by the sea (but see \citet{Richter2005}, \citet{Broodbank_2006} and \citet{Ferentinos_2012}, for a discussion about the possibility of seafaring by Neanderthals), but without any reliable Neanderthal material attributed to MIS 5e; and vi ) vi)  the coasts of Anatolia, Lebanon, and Israel. In the long term, the compartmentalization of Neanderthal populations suggested by these relatively isolated niche pockets could have, especially together with low population densities, led to repeated local extinctions (insert: Bocquet-Appel, J.-P. and Degioanni, A., 2013. Neanderthal Demographic Estimates. Current Anthropology 54 (S8), S202-S213.; Premo, L.S. and Hublin, J.-J., 2009. Culture, population structure, and low genetic diversity in Pleistocene hominins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106 (1), 33-37.  Premo, L.S. and Kuhn, S.L., 2010. Modeling Effects of Local Extinctions on Culture Change and Diversity in the Paleolithic. PLoS ONE 5 (12), e15582.) \cite{2013, Premo06012009, PremoB}  and genetic differentiation, as shown in \citet{Fabre_2009} where the authors studied genetic variation within twelve samples of mitochondrial DNA obtained from Neanderthal samples dated between 100 and 29 ka BP (but according to \cite{Higham_2014} \citet{Higham_2014}  the latter date may be more probable around 40 ka BP). They defined two genetic demes within our study area (see Fig. 2 in \citet{Fabre_2009}: a northern region that comprises the North of the Iberian Peninsula, Eastern France, Germany and the rest of Central Europe; a southern region comprising the East of the Iberian Peninsula, the South of France, the Italian Peninsula, and the Balkans. These demes do not readily fit with our habitat suitability model: there seems to be connectivity between the eastern and western parts of the Iberian Peninsula due to a corridor of suitable habitat along the south of Pyrenees, and between western and eastern France characterized a large extension of well-connected suitable habitat. But both models agree in the important effect of the Alps as the main geographic barrier shaping the separation between ecologically suitable areas and genetic demes. A detailed analysis of habitat suitability maps along with cultural and genetic evidences can help to understand the causes for gradients of cultural and genetic change across large territories. Likwise, Ruebens (2013: Ruebens, K., 2013. Regional behaviour among late Neanderthal groups in Western Europe: A comparative assessment of late Middle Palaeolithic bifacial tool variability. Journal of Human Evolution 65 (4), 341-362.) Likewise, \citet{Ruebens2013341}  could identify several culturally distinct regions, each characterized by distinct tools shapes and production methods. As an information transmission system culture is, at the population level, arguably sensitive to forces similar to genetics (insert: Lycett, S.J. and von Cramon-Taubadel, N., 2015. Toward a “Quantitative Genetic” Approach to Lithic Variation. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 22 (2), 646-675.  Lycett, S.J., 2015. Cultural evolutionary approaches to artifact variation over time and space: basis, progress, and prospects. Journal of Archaeological Science 56 (0), 21-31.) \cite{Lycett2015}.  Like the above genetic analyses, however, Ruebens' work was also focused on the periods after MIS 5e, albeit with important implications for the interpretation of our abiotic ecological factors. \paragraph{Limitations} 
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