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\section{Hydrology: rivers and freshwater runoff}  Several rivers with different estuarine structures and dimensions cross the Adriatic Sea coastlines.  The Northwest coast is characterized by the largest concentration of rivers. In fact, temperature and salinity gradients that are created by the river discharge contribute to the general thermoaline circulation. The combined effect of medium size rivers (average discharge ranging from 40 to 100 m3s-1) and of the Po river induces a cyclonic circulation in the northwesternn shelves  The Po river (NE Italy) is the largest fresh water supply and is characterized by an annual mean runoff of about 1 700 m3Js. The maximum peaks of freshwater runoff are associated with snow melt and rain precipitation and occur, respectively, in spring and autumn (Marchetti, 1984).