Jiahao Chen Clean up some crap from Authorea  over 8 years ago

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@book{Gantmacher1960,  address = {New York, NY},  author = {Gantmacher, F R},  file = {:Users/jiahao/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Gantmacher/Unknown/Gantmacher - 1960 - The theory of matrices.pdf:pdf},  publisher = {Chelsea},  title = {{The theory of matrices}},  year = {1960}  }         

section_What_users_want_The__.tex  subsection_The_outer_product_The__.tex  subsection_The_contributions_of_Grassmann__.tex  untitled.tex  cite_p_91_Apostol1969_defines__.tex transpose.tex  transpose_permutedims.tex  section_User_psychology_Programming_languages__.tex  subsection_The_outer_product_In__.tex section_Linear_algebra_can_be__.tex          

\subsection{The outer product}  In contrast with the quadratic and bilinear forms, the outer product evolved separately into its modern form. The outer product $u v^\prime$ is closely related to Gibbs's notion of dyad, espoused in his lectures on vector analysis \cite{Gibbs1881,Wilson1947}.         

\subsection{The outer product}  In contrast with the quadratic and bilinear forms, the outer product evolved separately into its modern form. The outer product $u v^\prime$ is closely related to Gibbs's notion of dyad, espoused in his lectures on vector analysis \cite{Gibbs1881,Wilson1947}.  The outer product is a misfit in the original list given in the introduction --- it is the only quantity which users expect to be a matrix, rather than a scalar.  First we need to address the fact that the outer product has two meanings in linear algebra. One sense is synonymous with the exterior product or wedge product, and was the original ``\textit{äußeres Produkt}'' of Grassmann's \textit{Ausdehnungslehre}.~\cite{Grassmann1862,Grassmann1877,Grassmann1995,Grassmann2000} The other sense is the tensor product of two vectors, which first appeared in Einstein and Grossmann's 1913 paper introducing general relativity,~\cite{Einstein1913} where they write 

The term ``outer product'' in this sense was introduced into the English literature in books about general relativity, such as in...  The term ``outer product'' appears to have been rediscovered by Ken Iverson in his seminal publications about APL. In ``\textit{A Programming Language}''~\cite{Iverson1962book}, We should note that the ``outer product'' in the sense of tensor product has existed in many different forms throughout the mathematical literature, and has been called many different names and has many different notations. The oldest mention we could find of this concept is Grassmann's indeterminate product.