id="auto-label-section-381190" class="ltx_title_section">

Stances class="ltx_title_section">

Stances  of Stakeholders

Even  though there are no accurate governmental data on the number of foreign labor in Saudi by nationality, al-Riyadh Newspapers reported estimates of the on the migrant labor by nationality, according to World Bank. Bank.  class="ltx_cite" data-bib-text="@article{_-hind_2015, title = {{al-hind wa-miṣr wa-bakistān tastawḥidan ʿala ghalibaya taḥwīlāt al-ʿamala fi al-mamlaka [{India}, {Egypt}, and {Pakistan} receive the majority of remittances from the {Kingdom}]}},  url = {http://www.alriyadh.com/1012169},  journal = {Al-Riyadh},  month = {jan},  year = {2015},  }  " data-bib-key="_-hind_2015" contenteditable="false">_-hind_2015 The first place was Indian workers, that numbered a million and 453 thousands, second place was shared was Egyptians and Pakistanis that numbered a million and 6 thousands, fourth place was Yemenis that numbered 894 thousands, and fifth and sixth places were occupied by Filipinos and Bangladeshis, numbering 447 thousands and 391 thousands respectively.

Labor-exporting governments were worried about the fate of its citizens affected by the Saudi campaign. Indian embassy, who is responsible for around two millions, mobilized and was in continuous communications with Saudi Ministry of Labor and  Ministry of Foreign Affairs, trying to offer help through its website and visits. visits.  class="ltx_cite" data-bib-text="@article{_india_2013, title = {{India worries for its workers as {Nitaqat} crackdown continues}},  url = {http://www.arabnews.com/node/446404},  abstract = {The Indian government has expressed concerns over the fate of its workers in the Kingdom after the deadline for the implementation of the ‘Nitaqat’ (naturalization) system was up last W}, 
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year = {2013},  file = {Snapshot:/Users/alialsaffar/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/xhxkxl3g.default/zotero/storage/6AEQ4EKM/446404.html:text/html},  }  " data-bib-key="_india_2013" contenteditable="false">_india_2013 In April, Fillipino embassy issued a warning to its citizens urging them to comply with the Law of Workmen and Work that prohibits working for different sponsors, working in jobs other than what is indicated in their work permits, or being without a work permit. permit.  class="ltx_cite" data-bib-text="@article{_philippine_2013, title = {{Philippine {Embassy} {Advisory} for {Saudi} {OFW}’s {Crackdown}}},  url = {http://philnews.ph/2013/04/04/philippine-embassy-advisory-for-saudi-ofws-crackdown/},  journal = {Philippine News},  month = {apr},  year = {2013},  }  " data-bib-key="_philippine_2013" contenteditable="false">_philippine_2013 It advised its citizens with expire residencies to remind their employers to extend them to avoid troubles with the Ministry of Labor, while the Filipino media covered the cases of detentions of workers in violation with the Residency Laws. In a report covering the news of arrest of 30, a Fillipino embassy official stated that  “Needless to say, the embassy is monitoring what is happening to our people there and it is ready to extend assistance to any Filipino who is arrested because of the violation of the Saudi labor law.” law.”  class="ltx_cite" data-bib-text="@article{_30_2013, title = {{30 {Filipinos} arrested in {Saudi} crackdown—{DFA}}},  url = {http://globalnation.inquirer.net/71045/30-filipinos-arrested-in-saudi-crackdown-dfa},  journal = {Inquirer},  month = {apr},  year = {2013},  }  " data-bib-key="_30_2013" contenteditable="false">_30_2013

But not all migrants were recipients of care by their embassies as it was the case of Indians and Filipinos. Yemenis, for instance, didn't get any official help by their embassy, even though they represent the second largest community of Arab workers in the Kingdom (approximately 900 thousands), 300 thousands were exposed to detention and deportation at the beginning of the campaign. For example, Udai Amin Al-Jarjeeri, a 32-year-old accountant and a father of 4 girls, was forced by deteriorating economic conditions after the 2011 revolution to shut down his office in Dhumar Province and emigrate to Saudi, only to find that this job contract is fake, to be finally detained and deported. He complained from mistreatment by the Yemeni embassy in dealing with his situation. situation.  class="ltx_cite" data-bib-text="@article{murray_yemenis_2012, title = {{Yemenis reel from {Saudi} labour crackdown}},  url = {http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/05/20135137243618120.html},  journal = {Al-Jazeera}, 
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month = {may},  year = {2012},  }  " data-bib-key="murray_yemenis_2012" contenteditable="false">Murray 2012 Among thousands of deported Yemenis, Abdullah Al-Qabti, a 27-year-old plumber says, “we were treated like criminals or slaves, thrown into and out of trucks.”    class="ltx_cite" data-bib-text="@article{al-masmari_deported_2013, title = {{Deported {Yemenis} 'thrown into trucks like sheep' in {Saudi} foreign labour crackdown}},  url = {http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/middle-east/deported-yemenis-thrown-into-trucks-like-sheep-in-saudi-foreign-labour-crackdown},  abstract = {Yemenis, who relied on jobs in Saudi Arabia to support themselves and their families, say the recent campaign to tighten control over foreign labourers has been a shock.}, 
...
year = {2013},  file = {Snapshot:/Users/alialsaffar/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/xhxkxl3g.default/zotero/storage/VR7GGJMA/deported-yemenis-thrown-into-trucks-like-sheep-in-saudi-foreign-labour-crackdown.html:text/html},  }  " data-bib-key="al-masmari_deported_2013" contenteditable="false">Al-Masmari 2013Muneer Al-Bashiri complained that they were “thrown into a truck like sheep.” Najeeb Al-Udaini, head of Yemeni Migrants Organization states, “our problem is not with the Saudis; it’s with the Yemeni government, whose embassy is impossible to reach.” An investigation in Al-Arabi Al-jadeed newspaper affirms the statement of Al-Udaini, as consensus from migrant Yemenis in Saudi emphasized the absence of any positive role by the Ministry of Migrants Affairs and the Yemeni embassy in Riyadh. Riyadh.  class="ltx_cite" data-bib-text="@article{al-ahmadi_-amala_2014, title = {{al-ʿamala al-yamaniyya fi al-suʿudiyya…mushkilat ma baʿda a-siyasa [{Yemeni} labor in {Saudi}…post-politics problems]}},  url = {http://www.alaraby.co.uk/investigations/c78a05f3-5455-4bd5-b815-9b50ea8035dd},  abstract = {وحدها السياسة كانت المتغير الرئيسي الذي يواجه العمال اليمنيين في...}, 
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year = {2014},  file = {Snapshot:/Users/alialsaffar/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/xhxkxl3g.default/zotero/storage/9F8D7IZU/العمالة-اليمنية-في-السعودية-مشكلات-ما-بعد-السياسة.html:text/html},  }  " data-bib-key="al-ahmadi_-amala_2014" contenteditable="false">Al-Ahmadi 2014 The secretary of the Yemeni community in Riyadh was reported saying, “the Ministry of Migrants Affairs  does not want real representatives of migrants, but rather clients serving as tribal sheikhs.” sheikhs.”  class="ltx_cite" data-bib-text="@article{al-ahmadi_-amala_2014, title = {{al-ʿamala al-yamaniyya fi al-suʿudiyya…mushkilat ma baʿda a-siyasa [{Yemeni} labor in {Saudi}…post-politics problems]}},  url = {http://www.alaraby.co.uk/investigations/c78a05f3-5455-4bd5-b815-9b50ea8035dd},  abstract = {وحدها السياسة كانت المتغير الرئيسي الذي يواجه العمال اليمنيين في...}, 
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year = {2014},  file = {Snapshot:/Users/alialsaffar/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/xhxkxl3g.default/zotero/storage/9F8D7IZU/العمالة-اليمنية-في-السعودية-مشكلات-ما-بعد-السياسة.html:text/html},  }  " data-bib-key="al-ahmadi_-amala_2014" contenteditable="false">Al-Ahmadi 2014

Field Results of the Security Campaign

With the end of grace period announced by the King, Ministry of Interior started it field campaign to punish violators of Residency Regulations and Law of Workmen and Work, and it has not stopped until the writing of this paper in April 2015. Ministry of Interior publishes on a daily basis statistics on the results of the field security campaign on its website. By the end of March 2015, the number of violators forcibly deported amounted to one million and fifty thousands, thousands,  class="ltx_cite" data-bib-text="@misc{_security_????, title = {{Security {Field} {Campaign}, 2015}},  url = {https://www.moi.gov.sa/},  }  " data-bib-key="_security_????" contenteditable="false">_security_???? but these numbers are not broken down by nationality, as they are always referred to as “from different ages and nationalities.” Asked by the former newspaper on whether the campaign targets Yemenis disproportionately, a former official in Saudi embassy in Yemen answered, “if the correction campaign targets Yemenis and exclude others, the process of issuing new work visas would have not continued daily in the embassy.” embassy.”  class="ltx_cite" data-bib-text="@article{_11_2015, title = {{11 ʿamā li-taṣḥeeḥ awḍa' al-ʿmala al-yamaniyya fi al-suʿudiyya [11 years to correct the status of the {Yemeni} labor in {Saudi}]}},  url = {http://www.alarabiya.net/ar/saudi-today/saudi-press/2015/05/12/11-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8B-%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%AD-%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9.html},  abstract = {فيما تشير إحصاءات غير رسمية إلى وجود نحو 500 ألف يمني مقيم بطريقة غير نظامية في السعودية، خصص لتصحيح}, 
...
year = {2015},  file = {Snapshot:/Users/alialsaffar/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/xhxkxl3g.default/zotero/storage/ZGQMTSKM/11-عاماً-لتصحيح-أوضاع-العمالة-اليمنية-في-السعودية.html:text/html},  }  " data-bib-key="_11_2015" contenteditable="false">_11_2015

Other statistics issued by the Ministry of Interior might be utilized to gauge the degree of nationality community was affected, without implying that the campaign targeted specific nationalities. According to statistics of immigrants caught at the Saudi borders for Shawwal 1436 AH (May - June 2014), the overwhelming majority (99%) are the Saudi-Yemeni border. The number of immigrants caught at the Saudi-Yemeni border only (Asir, Najran, and Jizan provinces), amounted to 27,043 while all other provinces (al-Madinah, Tabuk, al-Jouf, Northern Area, and Eastern Area provinces) were 7 immigrants only. only.  class="ltx_cite" data-bib-text="@misc{_statistics_????, title = {{Statistics of {Infiltrator} {Apprehensions} on {Border} by {Province}}},  url = {https://www.moi.gov.sa},  publisher = {Minister of Interior},  }  " data-bib-key="_statistics_????" contenteditable="false">_statistics_???? Statistics of ther months do not differ much, where the number of caught immigrants ranged from 44 thousands to 19 thousands during the months of the 1435 AH (November 2013 - October 2014). 2014).  class="ltx_cite" data-bib-text="@article{al-khamisi_tawsi_2015, title = {{tawsīʿ al-manṭiqa al-ʿazila bi-al-ḥad al-janūbi ʾila 20 kilomitrā [{Extending} the buffer zone in the southern border to 20 kilometer]}},  url = {http://www.alyaum.com/article/4042641},  language = {Arabic}, 
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month = {jan},  year = {2015},  }  " data-bib-key="al-khamisi_tawsi_2015" contenteditable="false">Al-Khamisi 2015It can be assumed that a not very low percentage of those who try succeed into getting into the kingdom, otherwise no one would try.

These statistics are not surprising when considering the wall installed on the Saudi-Iraqi border, and the difficulty of crossing the sea, “because of the advanced techniques and radars that the guard borders possess enabling them to detect crossers by sea” as the spokesperson of Border Guard, General Mohammed al-Ghamdi puts it, and the absence of push factors in other neighboring GCC countries. countries.  class="ltx_cite" data-bib-text="@article{al-khamisi_tawsi_2015, title = {{tawsīʿ al-manṭiqa al-ʿazila bi-al-ḥad al-janūbi ʾila 20 kilomitrā [{Extending} the buffer zone in the southern border to 20 kilometer]}},  url = {http://www.alyaum.com/article/4042641},  language = {Arabic}, 
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month = {jan},  year = {2015},  }  " data-bib-key="al-khamisi_tawsi_2015" contenteditable="false">Al-Khamisi 2015 Thus, Yemenis remain more likely than others to enter Saudi illegally, immediately being in violation of the Laws of Residency, in contrary to, for instance, South Asians, who enter the country legally and then violate the the law in later years. If can be assumed, cautiously, that the Yemeni immigrants (in addition to African immigrants) that cross the Southern borders were disproportionately affected. affected.  class="ltx_cite" data-bib-text="@misc{_there_????, title = {{There are many reasons for illegal immigrants from {Yemen} to {Saudi}. {In} additional to geographical cultural, and family ties between {Southern} {Saudi} and {Yemen}, there is the gap in wages and {GDP} per capita, and the high percentage of population in working age in {Yemen}- a common feature in {Arab} countries. {The} neighboring countries are two extreme ends in the {Arab} {World} in terms of income. {Saudi}, one of the richest countries in the world, shares lengthy borders with {Yemen}, the poorest arab country *{GDP} per capita in {Yemen} is \$1330, while it is \$26,260 in {Saudi}). {According} to {World} {Bank} estimates remittances from {Saudi} amounted to \$1,142 millions, equivalent to 3.57\% of {Yemeni} {GDP}. {Sadiq} al-{Qazi} estimates the remittances to be multiple times because of the large number of illegal immigrants. {See} {Sadiq}, al-{Q}. (2013, {July} 18). tadāʿiyat ʿazma al-ʿmala al-yamaniyya fi fi-l-suʿudiyya wa-tʿthīruhā al-karithi fi jawanib al-ḥaya al-yamaniyya [{Consequences} of the crises of {Yemeni} labor in {Saudi} and its catastrophic effect on {Yemeni} life aspects]. {Al}-{Balad}. {Retrieved} from http://www.albaldnews.com/news4137.html. {For} remittance volume per nationality, see al-hind wa-miṣr wa-bakistān tastawḥidan ʿala ghalibaya taḥwīlāt al-ʿamala fi al-mamlaka [{India}, {Egypt}, and {Pakistan} receive the majority of remittances from the {Kingdom}]. (2015, {January} 15). {Al}-{Riyadh}. {Retrieved} from http://www.alriyadh.com/1012169. {For} {GDP} numbers see {World} {Bank} {Data} (2014). {Retrieved} from http://data.worldbank.org.}},  }  " data-bib-key="_there_????" contenteditable="false">_there_???? Before even the the beginning of the security campaign that followed the end of the grace period that ended in November 2013, the number of deported Yemenis in March 2013 totalled about 130 thousands, and security Yemeni officials expected the deportation of additional 80 thousands with the beginning of the security campaign in November 2013.

Thus, even though the correction campaign has not appeared to target specific nationalities, it probably affected disproportionately the labor of a country that tied to Saudi culturally, socially, and geographically, yet with much lower income. The negative ramifications has probably started even before the end of the correction campaign. Abdulqader Ayedh, deputy Minister of Immigrants Affairs, has warned of decreased remittances of Yemeni immigrants working in Saudi in June 2013. Warning of worsening unemployment rate in Yemen (World Bank estimates it 17.7% in 2012) and deterioration of economic conditions increases the probability of civil unrest. unrest.  class="ltx_cite" data-bib-text="@misc{_yemen_2012, title = {{Yemen, {Unemployment}, total (\% of total labor force) (modeled {ILO} estimate)}},  url = {http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS},  publisher = {The World Bank},  year = {2012},  }  " data-bib-key="_yemen_2012" contenteditable="false">_yemen_2012 This seems logical as the Yemen is sliding increasingly towards a civil war that prompted a Saudi-led military coalition of ten countries. It is worthing noting that the elimination of the exclusion of the Sponsorship System granted to Yemenis in 1990, with the resulted deportation of one million Yemenis had been followed by a civil war between the north and the south in 1994. 1994.  class="ltx_cite" data-bib-text="@misc{al-kebsi_yemen_2013, title = {{Yemen and the {GCC}: {Benefits} of {Labor} {Market} {Integration}}},  shorttitle = {Yemen and the {GCC}},  url = {https://foreignpolicy.com/2013/11/08/yemen-and-the-gcc-benefits-of-labor-market-integration/}, 
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year = {2013},  file = {Snapshot:/Users/alialsaffar/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/xhxkxl3g.default/zotero/storage/G8BVE5G9/yemen-and-the-gcc-benefits-of-labor-market-integration.html:text/html},  }  " data-bib-key="al-kebsi_yemen_2013" contenteditable="false">Al-Kebsi 2013The ramifications of the correction campaign might go beyond the borders of the Kingdom, affecting the internal situation in Yemen, which does not seem to be a considered consequence of decisions-makers.

There are no available data from the Ministry of Labor or Ministry of Interior on the breakdown of deported labor by sector and professional occupation. However, labor-intensive sectors would be the most negatively affected, when 84.5% of the labor of the private sector are concentrated in construction, wholesale and retail, manufacturing, agriculture, forestry, hunting and fishing industries. industries.  class="ltx_cite" data-bib-text="@article{abdullah_78.7_2013, title = {{78.7% private companies not covered by {Nitaqat}}},  url = {http://www.arabnews.com/node/483301},  abstract = {Around 78.7 percent of companies in the private sector are not included in the Nitaqat program (coded green, yellow and red) but fall in the white range which is unregistered, according to a study.}, 
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year = {2013},  file = {Snapshot:/Users/alialsaffar/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/xhxkxl3g.default/zotero/storage/PZ6VP8CJ/483301.html:text/html},  }  " data-bib-key="abdullah_78.7_2013" contenteditable="false">Abdullah 2013 Construction sector seems to be hit hardest given the its high number of foreign labor. Moammar Al-Atawi, Director of Contracting Committee in Jeddah Chamber of Commerce and Industry, clarifies that nationalization (Saudization) percentage in the construction sector does not exceed 10.12%, with around 4 million and 270 thousands working at its 270 thousands small-size enterprises. enterprises.  class="ltx_cite" data-bib-text="@article{_taraju_2014, title = {{tarājuʿ ʿadad al-munshāt a-ṣaghīra bi-l-suʿudīyya [{Number} of small-size enterprises in {Saudi} go down]}},  url = {http://www.aljazeera.net/home/Getpage/f6451603-4dff-4ca1-9c10-122741d17432/49dc33da-11ae-4bf0-9269-647c08729c2f},  abstract = {أثارت بيانات اقتصادية بشأن تراجع المنشآت الصغيرة والصغيرة جدا بالسعودية قلق المشاركين بمنتدى جدة للموارد البشرية التطور والاستدامة، حيث اعتبروها ظاهر تستدعي البحث لما لها من أثر على التنمية بالبلاد.}, 
...
year = {2014},  file = {Snapshot:/Users/alialsaffar/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/xhxkxl3g.default/zotero/storage/PTQDRU6P/تراجع-عدد-المنشآت-الصغيرة-بالسعودية.html:text/html},  }  " data-bib-key="_taraju_2014" contenteditable="false">_taraju_2014 According to Raed Al-Aqeeli, the member of National Committee at the Saudi Chambers of Commerce, 36% of construction projects has stopped because of the correction campaign. campaign.  class="ltx_cite" data-bib-text="@article{_labor_2013, title = {{Labor crisis hits 36% of construction projects}},  url = {http://www.arabnews.com/node/458788},  abstract = {The number of registered construction project contracts in the Kingdom was 250,000 before the first grace period to legalize expatriate workers ended.}, 
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year = {2013},  file = {Snapshot:/Users/alialsaffar/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/xhxkxl3g.default/zotero/storage/2M6UAK4F/458788.html:text/html},  }  " data-bib-key="_labor_2013" contenteditable="false">_labor_2013 Director of Contractors Committee at Jeddah Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Abdullah Radwan, said that “labor market is in chaos because of the large number of deported foreign labor during the correction campaign,” and “firms and contractors are facing incomplete projects, with high wages and weak demand being imposed.” imposed.”  class="ltx_cite" data-bib-text="@article{_labour_2013, title = {{Labour costs in {Saudi} {Arabia} up 30%}},  url = {http://ameinfo.com/real-estate-and-construction/real-estate/archive-real-estate/labour-costs-saudi-arabia-30/},  urldate = {2015-12-07}, 
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year = {2013},  file = {Snapshot:/Users/alialsaffar/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/xhxkxl3g.default/zotero/storage/UQ4KVEVA/labour-costs-saudi-arabia-30.html:text/html},  }  " data-bib-key="_labour_2013" contenteditable="false">_labour_2013

According to the census of private establishments in 2010 undertaken by the Central Department of Statistics, the number of private establishments amounted to one million and 300 thousands establishments, 71% of them are operating, numbered at 919,078 establishments. establishments.  class="ltx_cite" data-bib-text="@misc{_economic_2010, title = {{Economic {Establishments} {Census}}},  url = {http://www.cdsi.gov.sa},  publisher = {Central Department of Statistics and Information},  year = {2010},  }  " data-bib-key="_economic_2010" contenteditable="false">_economic_2010 Small establishments which employe 1-4 workers make 84%, while mid-size establishments, that employ 5-19 workers, make 13%. 13%.  class="ltx_cite" data-bib-text="@misc{_economic_2010, title = {{Economic {Establishments} {Census}}},  url = {http://www.cdsi.gov.sa},  publisher = {Central Department of Statistics and Information},  year = {2010},  }  " data-bib-key="_economic_2010" contenteditable="false">_economic_2010 Even though there is not a new census of private establishments after the correction campaign, some date show a decrease in the number of small operating establishments in the past two years because of measures of the Ministry of Labor. Ali Al-Uthaim, Director of National Committee of Entrepreneurs in Jeddah Chamber of Commerce and Industry, claimed that the decrease percentages reached 9.04% for the number of small establishment in 2010 reached 9.04%, and 11.1% for very small establishments, and that 191 thousands very small establishments and 21 thousands small establishments were driven out of the market. market.  class="ltx_cite" data-bib-text="@article{_taraju_2014, title = {{tarājuʿ ʿadad al-munshāt a-ṣaghīra bi-l-suʿudīyya [{Number} of small-size enterprises in {Saudi} go down]}},  url = {http://www.aljazeera.net/home/Getpage/f6451603-4dff-4ca1-9c10-122741d17432/49dc33da-11ae-4bf0-9269-647c08729c2f},  abstract = {أثارت بيانات اقتصادية بشأن تراجع المنشآت الصغيرة والصغيرة جدا بالسعودية قلق المشاركين بمنتدى جدة للموارد البشرية التطور والاستدامة، حيث اعتبروها ظاهر تستدعي البحث لما لها من أثر على التنمية بالبلاد.}, 
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year = {2014},  file = {Snapshot:/Users/alialsaffar/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/xhxkxl3g.default/zotero/storage/PTQDRU6P/تراجع-عدد-المنشآت-الصغيرة-بالسعودية.html:text/html},  }  " data-bib-key="_taraju_2014" contenteditable="false">_taraju_2014

The Peculiarity of the Campaign

Announced goals of the campaign do not differ substantially from the Saudization policies undertaken by the government since the 90s as a solution to the problem of increasing unemployment among Saudis. But this large-scale campaign seems to be conducted in the frame of “imposing and enforcing the law,” in contrary to previous approaches that relied on general public policies and incentives. In other words, the campaign was an indicator of governmental direction that deals with unemployment -with the cause being foreign labor- as a security problem that threatens citizens and the state. This is evident in the wide media coverage of the public raids carried by the Ministry of Interior and the closing of violating firms and the rampant checkpoints in cities, and the horror and feeling of insecurity that prevailed among the irregular foreign labor with the advent of “law and order” phase.

The force used by the Saudi authorities prompted condemnation from western human rights organization. Joe Stork, deputy director of Human Rights Watch's Middle East and North Africa division, stated that “Saudi authorities have spent months branding foreign workers as criminals in the media, and stirring up anti-migrant sentiment to justify the labor crackdown. Now the Saudi government needs to rein in Saudi citizens who are attacking foreign workers.” workers.”  class="ltx_cite" data-bib-text="@misc{_saudi_2013, title = {{Saudi {Arabia}: {Labor} {Crackdown} {Violence}}},  shorttitle = {Saudi {Arabia}},  url = {https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/11/30/saudi-arabia-labor-crackdown-violence}, 
...
year = {2013},  file = {Snapshot:/Users/alialsaffar/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/xhxkxl3g.default/zotero/storage/26B7I3PJ/saudi-arabia-labor-crackdown-violence.html:text/html},  }  " data-bib-key="_saudi_2013" contenteditable="false">_saudi_2013 The organization documented the violence witnessed in Manfouha neighborhood south of Riyadh, where many numbers of Ethiopians reside.

On the other hand, official authorities justified the campaign by promising that it will provide jobs for Saudis, and Ministry of Labor announced that it will contribute to the opening of thousands of jobs for citizens, male and female, but economic reasoning and statistics show that these promises have not been achieved. achieved.  class="ltx_cite" data-bib-text="@article{_60_2013, title = {{60 alf waẓīfaz ʾdariya li-l-suʿudīyyīn bʿda ḥamla taṣḥīḥ awḍa' al-'amala al-mukhalifa [60 thousands administrative jobs for {Saudis} after the irregular workers correction campaign]}},  url = {http://www.okaz.com.sa/new/Issues/20130415/Con20130415590499.htm},  abstract = {تلقت وزارة العمل تأكيدات من جهات معنية بأن حملة تصحيح أوضاع العمالة المخالفة في القطاع الخاص في المملكة ستسهم في توفير ما يقارب من 60 ألف وظيفة إدارية للسعوديين، سواء كانت مستحدثة، أو يعمل عليها حاليا موظفون غير سعوديين في المنشآت الاقتصادية، وأن من بين تلك الوظائف ما يمكن الاستعانة فيه بالعناصر النسائية طبقا للأنظمة}, 
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month = {apr},  year = {2013},  }  " data-bib-key="_60_2013" contenteditable="false">_60_2013

According to the numbers of the Central Department of Statistics and Information, unemployment rate amongst Saudis for June 2013 was 11.7%, compared to 11.8% at the beginning of 2013, and 11.7% midyear 2013. 2013.  class="ltx_cite" data-bib-text="@misc{_labour_2014, title = {{Labour {Force} {Survey} 2014 {Round} 2}},  url = {http://www.cdsi.gov.sa},  publisher = {Central Department Of Statistics and Information},