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year = {2014},  keywords = {Political Science / Political Economy, Social Science / Emigration \& Immigration, Social Science / General},  }  " data-bib-key="khalaf_transit_2014" contenteditable="false">Khalaf 2014 The sponsorship system (kafala) served as one the ways to distribute oil wealth through the importation of cheap foreign labor and controlling the surplus value it produces.

Before the Campaign

In the beginning of 2013, the total labor force was 11,286,744, with employed being 10,634,733, and non-Saudi employees were 6,003,616, which is 56,45% of the total employees.class="squire-citation ltx_cite" data-bib-text="  @book{_labour_second, class="ltx_cite" data-bib-text="@misc{_labour_aaaa,  title = {Labour {{Labour  {Force} {Survey} 2013 {Round} 1}, 1}},  url = {http://www.cdsi.gov.sa/english/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=233&Itemid=162}, publisher = {Central Department Of Statistics \& Information}, annote = {Saudi Population ( 15 Years and Over ) By Administrative Area and Sexand Employed (15 Years and Over ) By Age Group and Main Occupation Groups} Groups},  }  @book{_labour_????,  title = {Labour {Force} {Survey} 2013 {Round} 1},  url = {http://www.cdsi.gov.sa/english/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=233&Itemid=162},  publisher = {Central Department Of Statistics \& Information},  annote = {Saudi Population ( 15 Years and Over ) By Administrative Area and Sexand Employed (15 Years and Over ) By Age Group and Main Occupation Groups}  }" data-bib-key="_labour_second" contenteditable="false" style="cursor: pointer">_labour_second " data-bib-key="_labour_aaaa" contenteditable="false">_labour_aaaa  Consistent with our description of the political economy of Saudi, these employees are concentrated in the private sector, in which 99% of the expatriate workers are employed. It can observed that the educational level of their majority is low, as 62.3% are below high school level, therefore 59% are in “support engineering” and “services” occupations; and by sector 26%.5 are in construction, 22.3% in wholesale, and 15% in domestic jobs. In fact, three quarters of jobs created by the Saudi market in the three years between 2009-2011 were fulfilled by foreign workers.

Apparently, most of the the jobs created by the Saudi markets does not require high levels of education. Statistics point to weak qualification of labor force as the working permits for professional occupations that require “high or very high qualification” were only 12% of the total permits.