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\section{Dark Matter Detection Methods}
The problem with detecting and understanding dark matter is that it does not interact with electromagnetic forces, which means it doesn't absorb or emit light. Further observations also indicate that dark matter does not collide with visible matter either and only interacts under the influence of gravity. This makes dark matter hard to detect however we have confirmed the existence of dark matter through indirect method of detection, gravitational lensing. There are other indirect methods of detection and there also direct methods of detection, including the LUX, and CRESST experiments that are used to determine the nature of dark matter.
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As stated (on page 9) MACHOs have been ruled out as a dark matter candidate due to their ability to emit small sources of light. As such the experiments that are conducted focus on the search for elementary particles that make up dark matter.
\subsection{Gravitational Lensing}
Gravitational lensing occurs when light from a distant galaxy or galaxy cluster is curved, stretched or distorted due to the presence of matter (gravity). This effect allows scientist to determine the gravitational mass of the galaxy (cluster) based on the effects it has on light from distant galaxies and this indicated that there must be more matter than what is visible and this therefore is the evidence of the existence of dark matter. Gravitational Lensing is used to show the abundance and distribution of dark matter throughout the universe, by using the level of stretching and distorting. There are two types of gravitational lensing, strong and weak, and these depending on the level of bending and distortion of the light from the background galaxies. The image below shows both forms of gravitational lensing.
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In 2012 a team sampled galaxy cluster that exhibited strong gravitational lensing and found that the degree of central concentration of dark matter distribution agrees with the standard assumed cold model. Further observations in late 2012 using the NASA HST, the CFHT, the Subaru Telescope, and the Gemini North Telescope found a giant filament of dark matter, which they could study in 3D. This filament extended 60 million light years away from the nearest galaxy cluster and was shown to be part of the cosmic web that was left over from the Big Bang. This helped confirm the web like structure of the universe, which is long filaments mostly made of dark matter that connect to each other at large galaxy cluster locations.
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The Bullet Cluster provides the best current evidence for the nature dark matter. The Bullet Cluster was formed as a result of two galaxy clusters colliding with each other, and the use of gravitational lensing showed that most of the mass was outside the cluster. This is the evidence that shows that the dark matter can keep moving unimpeded by electrostatic interaction that occurred and slowed visible matter in the galaxy clusters. When lensed scientists were able to measure gravity and detected two ‘clouds’ of dark matter with a ‘cloud’ of visible matter in between them.
