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Noah Phipps edited newpage_section_ES2__.tex
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\newpage
\section{ES2}
\subsection{Oxidation and Reduction}
Oxidation is:
\begin{itemize}
\item Loss of electrons
\item Gaining oxygen
\item An increase in oxidation state
\end{itemize}
Reduction is the opposite of oxidation. A redox reaction involves both oxidation and reduction.
\subsection{Oxidation States}
The oxidation state assigned to an element represents the number of electrons lost or gained in comparison to the unreacted element. \subsubsection{Oxidation states in elements}
Atoms in an element will always have an oxidation state of 0.
\subsubsection{Oxidation states for ions}
The oxidation state is the same as the charge on an individual ion, and the sum of the oxidation states is equal to the overall charge on the ion.
\subsubsection{Oxidation states in compounds}
If a compound has no overall charge, the sum of the oxidation states is 0. Some elements have oxidation states that rarely/never change;
\begin{table}[!htb]
\centering
\caption{Common Oxidation States}
\label{Common Oxidation States}
\begin{tabular}{ll}
\textit{Element} & \textit{Oxidation State} \\ \hline
Fluorine & -1 \\
Oxygen & -2, unless with $F$ or in peroxide ion ($O_2^{2-}$) \\
Chlorine & -1, unless with $O$ or $F$ \\
Bromine & -1, unless with $O$, $F$, or $Cl$ \\
Iodine & -1, unless with $O$, $F$, $Cl$, or $Br$ \\
Hydrogen & +1, except in a metal hydride \\
Group 1 & +1 \\
Group 2 & +2 \\
Aluminium & +3 \\
\end{tabular}
\end{table}
\subsubsection{Systematic names}
\begin{itemize}
\item Oxidation states used for elements with variable oxidation states
\item Shows oxidation state of preceding element
\item No space between element and number
\end{itemize}
\subsubsection{Naming Oxyanions}
An oxyanion is a negative ion containing oxygen, thus ending in \textit{-ate}. They follow the same convention as systematic naming.
\subsubsection{Balancing equations}
In a redox reaction, the number of electrons gained must be equal to the number of electrons lost.