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\newpage  \section{ES5}  \subsection{Risks and benefits of chlorine}  Chlorine is a toxic gas, that is detectable by smell at 1ppm. If inhaled above 40ppm, it will react in the lungs to form $HCl$, and will effectively cause the victim to drown on fluid in the lungs.  \subsubsection{Transporting Chlorine}  Chlorine is usually prepared on site at plants where it is required. However, it can be transported by rail or road.  \begin{itemize}  \item Specially designed, pressurized containers  \item Hazchem warning plates  \item Transported as a liquid  \item Pressure release devices on tank  \item Steel lined  \item Tank must be dry to avoid $HCl$  \item Excess flow valve for unloading  \end{itemize}  \subsubsection{Unloading chlorine}  \begin{itemize}  \item Scrubber unit  \item Ensures displaced air is free of chlorine  \item $NaOH$ reacts to form bleach  \end{itemize}  \subsubsection{Storing Chlorine}  \begin{itemize}  \item Stored in cylinders  \item Cloth soaked in ammonia can check for leaks  \begin{itemize}  \item White cloud of ammonium chloride  \end{itemize}  \end{itemize}  \subsection{Uses and benefits of chlorine}  \begin{itemize}  \item 50m tonnes produced a year  \item Water treatment  \item Household bleach  \item Antiseptics  \end{itemize}  \subsubsection{Iodine-Thiosulfate Titrations}  Involves a redox reaction to find the concentration of a chemical strong enough to oxidise iodide ions. \\\\For bleach, excess iodide is added to chlorate(I) ions:  \begin{equation*}  ClO^-+2I^-+2H^+\Rightarrow I_2+Cl^-+H_2O  \end{equation*}  The iodine is the titrated using thiosulfate ions:  \begin{equation*}  S_2O_3^{2-}+I_2\Rightarrow 2I^-+S_4O_6  \end{equation*}  The end point becomes clear with starch - once there is no iodine left, the blue black colour will dissapear.