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\section{WM1}  \subsection{Alcohols}  \subsubsection{Physical Properties of Alcohols}  \begin{itemize}  \item Polar due to $O$-$H$ bond  \item Able to hydrogen bond  \begin{itemize}  \item Explains why alcohols have higher MBP's than corresponding alkanes  \item Also explains why alcohol and water mix  \end{itemize}  \item $O$-$H$ bond becomes less influential in longer chains  \begin{itemize}  \item Solubility in water decreases  \item Other properties more similar to those of corresponding alkanes  \end{itemize}  \end{itemize}  \subsection{Reactions of Alcohols}  \subsubsection{Types of alcohols}  \textit{Primary alcohols:}  \begin{itemize}  \item -$O$-$H$ carbon bonded to one other  \end{itemize}  \textiit  \begin{itemize}  \item -$O$-$H$ carbon bonded to two others  \end{itemize}  \textit{Tertiary alcohols:}  \begin{itemize}  \item -$O$-$H$ carbon bonded to three others  \end{itemize}  \subsubsection{Oxidation}  \begin{itemize}  \item The $O$-$H$ group is oxidised by strong oxidising agents  \begin{itemize}  \item Acidified Potassium Dichromate(VI), $K_2Cr_2O_7  \begin{itemize}  \item Orange dichromate ion reduced to green chromate(III) ion  \item $Cr_2O_7^{2-}\Rightarrow Cr^{3+}$  \end{itemize}  \end{itemize}  \item $O$-$H$ group converted to carbonyl $C$=$O$ group  \item Will not take place if there is no hydrogen attached to the carbon  \item Carbonyl formed depends on reacting alcohol and conditions  \begin{itemize}  \item Aldehyde or ketone  \end{itemize}  \end{itemize}  \subsubsection{Heating under Reflux}  \begin{itemize}  \item Safer when using volatile compounds  \begin{itemize}  \item Prevents loss of solvent, reagent, or product  \end{itemize}  \subsubsection{Oxidation of Primary alcohols}  \begin{itemize}  \item Initially oxidised to an Aldehyde  \item Can be further oxidised to a Carboxylic Acid  \begin{itemize}  \item Excess oxidising agent  \iten Under reflux  \end{itemize}  \end{itemize}  \item If the Aldehyde is required:  \begin{itemize}  \item Distilled in situ  \begin{itemize}  \item Prevents further oxidation  \end{itemize}  \item Excess Alcohol  \item No reflux  \end{itemize}  \end{itemize}