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\begin{itemize}  \item First ionisation removes most loosely held electron  \item Highest in noble gases as they are difficult to ionise and unreactive  \item Group 1 elements to ionise as they only have one outer shell electron  \item More shielding reduces ionisation energies  \item General trend across a period - more difficult to remove an electron  \item More protons across a period, greater attraction  \end{itemize}  \subsubsection{Ionisation Energies and electron shells}  \begin{itemize}  \item Supports existence of sub-shells  \item Paired electrons in sub shells provides extra repulsion  \item First Ionisation enthalpy decreases down a group  \item Due to shielding  \item Corresponds to increase in reactivity  \end{itemize}  \subsubsection{Succesive Ionisation Enthalpies}  \begin{itemize}  \item Each subsequent ionisation involves removal of electron from positive ion  \end{itemize}  \subsection{Chemical Properties of Group 2 elements and compounds}  All group 2 elements are reactive  \subsubsection{Reactions with Oxygen}  \begin{equation*}  2X(s) + O_2 \Rightarrow 2XO(s)  \end{equation*}  \subsubsection{Reactions with Water}  All react to form hydroxides and hydrogen, with an increase in reavtivity down the group. Not as vigorous as Group 1.  \begin{equation*}  X(s) + 2H_2O(l) \Rightarrow X(OH)_2(aq) + H_2(g)  \end{equation*}  \subsubsection{Effect of heating Carbonates}  \begin{itemize}  \item General formula of Group 2 Carbonates: $XCO_3$  \item Decompose when heated to form oxide and release Carbon Dioxide  \item More difficult to decompose down group  \item Increasing thermal stability  \item Due to charge density of cations  \item Smaller ions have a higher charge density  \item Higher charge densities distort and polarise the negative electron cloud surrounding the carbonate ion  \item Becomes easier to break up by heating  \item Less soluble down the group  \end{itemize}  \subsubsection{Oxides and Hydroxides}  \begin{itemize}  \item Form alkaline solutions in water, but not very soluble  \item Strongest at bottom of group  \item More soluble down the group too  \end{itemize}