Catherine Zucker edited sectionMethdology_To.tex  about 9 years ago

Commit id: 9d61580c168970dffdab34d87bd7553bd06ebe7f

deletions | additions      

       

In cases where HOPS, MALT90, and BGPS catalog data are not available along the extinction feature, we also extract spectra from GRS (high resolution $^{13}$CO (1-0) data) and MALT90 \textit{p-p-v} cubes using the spectrum extracter tool in \href{http://www.glueviz.org/en/stable/index.html}{Glue}. Glue is a visualization tool that facilitates the linking of various data sets. We link spectral \textit{p-p-v} cubes from the GRS survey with GLIMPSE-Spitzer mid-infrared images and extract velocities along different regions of the extinction feature; a demonstration of the procedure used to extract velocities in Glue is shown in the appendix. In order to ensure that that GRS velocities are consistent across the filament, we also use the slice extraction tool in Glue to obtain velocity as a function of position along a path that traces the entire extinction feature.The results of the slice extraction along the path of one of our strongest bone candidates, filament 5, is shown in figure \ref{fig:filament5_slice}. Since CO traces lower density gas ($\approx10^2 \textrm{ cm}^{-3}$) and $\mathrm{N_2H+}$, $\textrm{HCO}^+$, and $\textrm{NH}_3$ trace high density gas ($\approx10^4 \textrm{ cm}^{-3}$), the dense gas sources provide much stronger evidence for the velocity of cold, dense, filamentary IRDCs. However, where dense gas sources are not available, the complete and unbiased high resolution GRS survey, although less desirable, allows us to roughly gauge the velocity along entire lengths of filaments. In filaments composed entirely of GRS spectra, we also take HOPS spectra over the entire filament using Glue and confirm that this HOPS-determined velocity agreed with GRS-determined average velocity to within 5 km/s.  By overlaying the HOPS, MALT90, BGPS, and GRS determined velocities on a p-v diagram of CO emission, we establish whether these filaments are associated with an existing spiral arm trace. For this study, we use the whole-galaxy \citet{Dame_2001} CO survey to locate each of the arms in \textit{p-p-v} space and determine whether these filaments are consistent with global-log fits to CO for various spiral arms. Of the approximately fifteen candidates identified visually, ten of these candidates are within 10 km/s of the Scutum-Centaurus and Norma-Cygnus arms. We plot these ten candidates in \textit{p-p-v} space, as shown in figure \ref{fig:skeleton}. In addition to showing our Bone candidates, we show several different predictions of the positions of two spiral arms toward the inner Galaxy in longitude-velocity space, from \citet{Dame_2011}, \citet{Sanna_2014}, \citet{Shane_1972}, and \citet{Vallee_2008}. For reference, we note that the new BeSSeL (maser) results from \citet{Sato_2014} in the first quadrant favor the oldest, HI-based \citet{Shane_1972}, fits for the Scutum-Centaurus arm. We also include Scutum-Centaurus and Norma fits from Reid and Dame 2015 (in prep), derived from trigonometric parallax measurements of high-mass star forming regions taken as part of the Bar and Spiral Structure Legacy Survey \citep{Reid_2014}. Reid and Dame (2015) produce fits with (l,b,v) loci that closely follow GMCs that trace the arms, producing a rough log-spiral approximation determined by trigonometric parallax rather than an assumed galactic rotation curve. After narrowing down our list to ten filaments with kinematic structure consistent with Galactic rotation, we develop a set of quantitative criteria for objects to be called "bones:" \begin{enumerate}  \item{Largely continuous mid-infrared extinction feature}