Catherine Zucker edited sectionAnalysis_of_N.tex  about 9 years ago

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\section{Analysis of New Bones}  BC\_18.88-0.09 is our strongest bone, in that it is highly elongated (0.7 degrees, 45 pc, with an aspect ratio of 140:1) and \textit{exactly} along a previously-claimed spiral arm trace in p-p-v space, although its orientation makes it less elongated than Nessie on the sky. In figure \ref{fig:Candid5_pos_vel} we show a p-v diagram in the longitude range of BC\_18.88-0.09 and overlay the \citet{Dame_2011} global log-fit to CO for the Scutum-Centaurus arm. We see that the HOPS, BGPS, and GRS-determined velocities associated with filament 5 are highly correlated with this global-log fit, suggesting that BC\_18.88-0.09 is marking a "spine" of the Scutum-Centaurus arm in this longitude range. Moreover, BC\_18.88-0.09 also lies along a CO peak in longitude-latitude space, as evident in figure \ref{fig:Candid5_pos_pos}. By overlaying a trace of the mid-IR extinction feature of filament 5 on a plane of the sky map (integrated in Scutum-Centaurus's velocity range in the region around filament 5) we see that BC\_18.88-0.09 lies in the center of the most intense CO emission. Finally, figure \ref{fig:Candid5_with_tilt} shows that BC\_18.88-0.09 lies within $\approx$ 10 pc of the true physical mid-plane. All these figures taken together indicate that BC\_18.88-0.09 is Nessie's counterpart in the first quadrant, suggesting that Nessie is not a curiosity, but one of several bones that trace significant spiral features.  Our study is not the first to look for long filaments associated with spiral structure. \citet{Ragan_2014} and Wang et al. (2015) have undertaken similar studies. However, ours is the first study to \textit{specifically look for bones in regions we are most likely to find them, that is, elongated along the galactic plane}.They identify these filaments using three criteria: morphology, temperature, and velocity coherence.  In the former study, \citet{Ragan_2014} undertook a blind search (not restricted to latitudes where the mid-plane should lie) for long thin filaments in the first quadrant of the Milky Way, using near and mid-infrared images. In addition to confirming that Nessie lies along the Scutum arm, \citet{Ragan_2014} find seven GMFs, of which only one, GMF 20.0-17.9, is said to be associated with Galactic structure (declared a spur of the Scutum-Centaurus arm). Our strongest bone candidate, BC\_18.88-0.09, is a subsection of GMF 20.0-17.9, but, unlike \citet{Ragan_2014}, we argue that BC\_18.88-0.09 runs right down the spine of the Scutum-Centaurus arm in p-v space. We believe the discrepancy arises due to a difference in methodology. \citet{Ragan_2014} group neighboring IRDCs into a single filament, while we determine that there is a significant kink in velocity structure associated with a dramatic plane-of-the-sky bend at a longitude of $\approx 18.5^{\circ}$. Since grouping both IRDCs to make a longer structure violates our criterion 5, we only consider the kinematically coherent part of the filament (yellow boxed region in figure \ref{fig:Candid5_with_tilt}), which is remarkably parallel to the Scutum arm in p-v space. Likewise, in figure 6 from \citet{Ragan_2014} (analogous to our figure \ref{fig:skeleton}), they represent filaments as straight lines connecting velocities measured at the tips of the filaments, while we represent filaments as sets of points whose velocities are determined by the BGPS, HOPS, MALT90, and GRS surveys. Thus, a clear and consistent description of a bone is critical, and, in future studies, we plan to continue to apply the criteria like the ones listed above to achieve consistency.