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1)   In this thesis, we concentrate our research on the Paris region, a vibrant and innovative region with over 5,6 million jobs, 37 percent of French executives, and 40 percent of national workforce in research and development. It is a 1st the first  R&D hub in Europe and the third worldwide. 11.7 million people or over 19 percent of the country's population reside in the area which occupies only 2.2 percent of the surface of France. The Paris region is the third World touristic destination (in 2013) (Global Destination Cities Index 2015) with 16 millions of visitors from abroad. The GDP of the region amounts to 29 percent of total French GDP (IAU IdF, 2014) 31 %31  percent of total French GDP (http://www.grand-paris.jll.fr/fr/paris/chiffres-cles/) that is 612 milliards euros (2012). It is 1st European city considering the number of firms classified in Fortune 500 (July 2014). Yet, the Paris region’s economy is spatially unbalanced (Combes et al., 2011). The region is highly heterogeneous, especially regarding economic activity. While few municipalities host a large number of new establishments, others struggle to be chosen by any, and a large group of municipalities is left with no new creation. Depending on the analyzed sector, the percentage of municipalities left with no new establishment creation ranges from 34 percent up to 69 percent. When the observed data display a higher fraction of zeros than would be typically explained by the standard count data models, two types of models can be suggested: the hurdle model (Mullahy, 1986) or the zero-inflated model (Lambert, 1992). The hurdle model, also called the two-part model, reflects a two-part decision making process. It relaxes the assumption that the zero observations and the positive observations come from the same data generating process. The two-step decision-making process is reflected through the hurdle model interpretation.