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The development of industrial processes involving ``low-temperature'' plasmas is in a phase of rapid expansion. Recently added to continuing development in areas where plasmas have been long used, such as integrated circuit fabrication, are many applications in new domains such as plasma medicine and plasma agriculture, which show tremendous potential for a broad array range  of societal benefits. The attraction of plasmas for these applications derives from the role of the free electrons present in all plasmas, regardless of application. plasmas.  Acritical,  unique quality of plasmas critical to many applications  is the capability of non-equilibrium chemistry. What this means in practice is the plasma contains a very hot electron population chemistry; ``high-temperature'' gas phase reactions occur  while the substrates remain cool. These  gas phase reactions, producing highly reactive neutral  and ionic species that react with exposed  substrate remain surfaces, are enabled by electron population selectively maintained  at or near room temperature. temperatures greater than 10,000$^\circ$F through heating by electromagnetic fields.  Collisions betweenenergetic electrons and  molecules in the gas phase and highly energetic electrons  lead to chemical reactions that would require a high temperature reactor in the absence of the plasma. While much has been accomplished to date, this proposal is a response to calls for tools enabling ``predictive design'' of plasma processes. In particular, we seek to develop the untapped potential of the plasma glow as a diagnostic to probe the characteristics of the plasma. MENTION community demand - plasma 2020, low temperature plasma report, etc. 
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Low pressure plasmas generated in pure oxygen have technological significance in a number of materials processing applications. Such processes rely on the interaction of neutral radicals, O$^+$ and O$_2^+$ with substrate surfaces exposed to the plasma. In many applications, achievement of process goals is sensitive to the relative fluxes of the different gas phase species to the substrate surface. Production of ion and neutral radical species occurs primarily through gas phase reactions involving collisions with energetic electrons, so that production {\it rates} are sensitive functions of electron density and electron temperature.  We propose an new outreach activity to increase public awareness of plasmas and their application, in partnership with the Rocket Club at Madison West High School (letter of collaboration included as ``supplementary documentation.'' documentation'').  Our group will work with Rocket Club members to create a hands-on display with a demonstration and description of ion thrusters for spacecraft propulsion, to be integrated into the club's existing outreach exhibit. As club participants, West High students engage in rocket competitions, local public outreach events and fund raising to support the club's activities. The club, founded in 2003, regularly participates in national competitions, including the Team America Rocket Challenge and the NASA Student Launch program, and has won numerous awards. Student members interact with the public through their exhibit at annual public outreach events, including the Wisconsin Science Festival and the University of Wisconsin Physics Fair, as well as visits to schools and other groups. The current  multifaceted exhibit includes rockets and payloads designed and built by the club as well as a ``build your own'' activity; designing and launching pneumatic paper rockets is a popular activity among visitors all ages. The new display will add a working plasma thruster to the exhibit, one that operates at atmospheric pressure and has a modest tabletop footprint, adapted from a recently published design\cite{make2015}. Operating at 300 watts, the thrust produced will be small, but observable through the deflection of a lightweight object such as a piece of paper in the path of the thruster ``exhaust.'' Visitors will also get a taste of plasma spectroscopy by looking at the thruster plasma through alow-cost  diffraction gratings; grating;  distinct spectral features are expected in the visible portion of the spectrum. Additional diagnostics will include thermal sensors, which we expect to show a comparatively cool exhaust. The diagnostics may be utilized to spark discussions about efficiencies in converting energy sources to thrust; a very important consideration for long distance space travel. The UW plasma spectroscopy group will contribute parts and supplies and will work with Rocket Cub members to build the thruster. In addition, we will work with the high school students to design and print a companion poster to go with the thruster. With an emphasis on graphics and simple explanations, poster topics may include: a) what's a plasma? b) electric propulsion and principles of plasma thruster operation (no moving parts, no exothermic reactions!), c) comparison between plasma thrusters, chemical rockets, etc., d) current and proposed uses of ion thrusters, such as satellite maneuvering and long-distance space flights, e) examples of other plasma applications.