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author = {R. J. Howard and M. A. Ferrari and D. H. Roach and N. P. Money},  title = {Penetration of hard substrates by a fungus employing enormous turgor pressures.},  journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}  }" data-bib-key="Howard_1991" contenteditable="false">Howard 1991, and also to widen existing cracks in mineral grains and rock fragments. The results of physical weathering is an increase in mineral surface area exposed to the soil solution.

Less visible is the chemical alteration or dissolution of minerals. Although in principle most primary minerals dissolve in soil solution, certain compounds accelerate the process. The most common, and by far quantitatively most important, important weathering agents  are protons,  protons. Protons, and also hydroxide under alkaline conditions, attack the ion bindings in the mineral crystal lattice. This process is called hydrolysis, and in case the proton donor is dissolved CO2 (forming carbonic acid) it is called carbonation.   

Fungal weathering in the lab


From lab to field


Conclusions