deletions | additions       diff --git a/Fungal_weathering_in_the_lab__.md b/Fungal_weathering_in_the_lab__.md  index ccb1825..48e80fc 100644  --- a/Fungal_weathering_in_the_lab__.md  +++ b/Fungal_weathering_in_the_lab__.md 
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On the other hand, fungal hyphae attach to surfaces to be able to grow and proliferate through the soil, which may affect the surface of the minerals both physically and chemically (McMaster 2014). Attachment is enhanced by organic compounds produced by the fungus (Denny and Wilkins 1987, Gadd and Sayer 2000 in adeke) and Balogh-Brunstad suggested that organic acids may accumulate under such biolayers to sufficient concentrations to affect mineral dissolution. Although these authors call for more experiments to confirm this possible effect.  Using atomic force microscopy Gazze et al (2013) demonstrated a biolayer of Extracellular Polymeric Substances EPS (40-80 nm thick) to form around hyphal tips of the EMF Paxillus involutus. _Paxillus involutu_s.  This material fused to form a biofilm that covered most of the mineral surface where the fungus was growing. Saccone et al (2011) found similar biolayes formed by P. involutus growing on hornblende, chlorit and biotite surfaces. Furthermore, the hornblende surface was less resistant to mechanical forcing under the biolayer compared to freshly cleaved surfaces suggesting that enhanced weathering had occurred. In addition, several studies have demonstrated dissolution channels on minerals where EMF hyphae have been growing. Sometimed these tracks can be 50 nm deep (Gazze et al 2012). In some laboratory experiments with axenic cultures of microorganism it has been found that attachment to biotite surfaces yielded stronger dissolution compared to when they separated by a membrane. This demonstrate that not only the chemicals produced but also the physical attachment is important for mineral dissolution (Ahmed and Holmström). However, in other experiments, no additional effect on weathering was found when EMF hyphae were attached to minerals in axenic growth in solution cultures (Balogh-Brunstrad 2008b).