Joao Gatica Arias edited AbstractImportanceIntroductionHistorically_b_lactam_antibiotics_are__.html  almost 8 years ago

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author = {Thomas P Van Boeckel and Sumanth Gandra and Ashvin Ashok and Quentin Caudron and Bryan T Grenfell and Simon A Levin and Ramanan Laxminarayan},  title = {Global antibiotic consumption 2000 to 2010: an analysis of national pharmaceutical sales data},  journal = {The Lancet Infectious Diseases}  }" data-bib-key="Van_Boeckel_2014" contenteditable="false">Boeckel 2014 ESAC 2009, ECDC 2012) and the major cause of resistance to b-lactams antibiotics are bacterial enzymes with the capacity to hydrolyze the molecular structure of the b-lactam antibiotic. Many studies assessed the presence and diversity of b-lactamases in clinical settings (XXXXXXX)but (XXXXXXX) but  only few efforts have been put in other non-clinical environments like soil, fresh water, glaciers, and more.


antibiotic resistance is usually studied in clinical environments

The target of antibiotic resistance genes in natural environments should be considered, specially if we consider the evidence that these genes have a long evolutionary history in natural environments (