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Lucy Liang edited subsection_Johnson_Noise_Johnson_noise__.tex
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\subsection{Johnson Noise:}
Johnson noise is the electric noise generated from small thermal fluctuations of the electrons
through in an electrical conductor
\cite{PhysRev.32.97}. Thermal noise arises because \cite{PhysRev.32.97}, and it was first measured in Bell Lab by John B. Johnson in 1926. The thermal energy within the electrons
create causes them to randomly fluctuate, creating a random, and measurable,
fluctuation in voltage. fluctuating voltage across a conducting material. In the same year, Harry Nyquist became the first person to successfully predict and explain this noise theoretically. Thus, Johnson noise is also
given the name "Nygquist noise" because it was correctly predicted and explained by H. Nyquist, but Johnson was sometimes called the
first to measure it. "Nyquist noise".
As published in \cite{PhysRev.32.110}, the root mean square of ac voltage when no current is flowing is as follows: