William P. Gammel edited par_For_this_lab_the__.tex  over 8 years ago

Commit id: 1672c52a2cebaf828d78cc277259ebc154bb7a02

deletions | additions      

       

\par For this lab, the only peak we are interested in from Figure ~\ref{fig:Cs-137}, is the photopeak, which is produced by the photoeletric effect. Consider a gamma ray striking an ion in a scintillator crystal. The gamma ray should be absorbed by the ion, and all of it's energy is transferred to a bound electron. The bound electron is thus freed, and begins to move rapidly through the crystal. The energy of the gamma ray entering the crystal is far greater than the energy of the electron bound to the ion, therefore the energy of the freed electron assumes the value of the energy of the gamma ray. The photoelectric effect will then cause a voltage peak in the spectrum seen by the photomultiplier, known as the photopeak. The height of the voltage peak should correspond to the energy of the initial gamma ray.   \par Though not used in this lab, it is also important at least mention the two other processes by which incoming gamma rays produce a fast electron, in order to explain the presence of other structure seen in the spectral distributions for various isotopes. The Compton Edge, seen in Figure ~\ref{fig:Cs, ~\ref{fig:Cs},  occurs via a process known as Compton scattering. In this scenario, energy is not absorbed by an ion in the scintillator crystal, and is instead scattered through an angle $\theta$ by an electron. The gamma ray then moves off with a reduced energy and a change in momentum. The electron will carry away some of the gamma rays energy. The energy of the electron, which is the energy lost by the gamma ray will vary depending on the angle $\theta$. The photomultiplier will produce a spectrum (Compton spectrum) which corresponds to the angle dependent energies. However, the energy produced by the Compton scattered electrons is essentially a constant, thus, the Compton spectrum will appear as a flat plateau up to a feature known as the Compton Edge, which corresponds to the largest possible scattering angle ($180^{\circ}$). When $\theta$ is at a maximum, the energy of the electron will be at a maximum. After the Compton Edge, the spectrum will drop off quite sharply. \par The Compton scattering previously explained only applies to gamma rays that were scattered by electrons in the scintillator. Gamma rays can also be scattered into the scintillator from outside interactions, which will result in a peak in the photomultiplier spectrum known as the backscatter peak. In this scenario, the signal detected is from the scattered gamma ray and not from the electron.   \par The last interaction is known as pair production. If an incoming gamma ray has an energy above, $1.02 MeV=2mc^{2}$, which is the rest mass of an electron-positron pair, it can spontaneously create an electron-positron pair and be totally absorbed. If the electron and positron lose all of their kinetic energy while inside the scintillator they will produce a voltage pulse corresponding to an energy $E-2mc^{2}$, where E is the gamma ray energy. Interaction between the electron and positron in the crystal can further complicate the spectrum. Since it is not explicitly important to our experiment, further reading on the spectrum seen for pair production can be found, ().