William P. Gammel edited When_we_measure_the_transmission__.tex  over 8 years ago

Commit id: 5297328e61b97a858d6bcd5fb4f487eae85e1141

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When we measure the transmission of the probe beam with a photodiode, we get our negative Gaussian absorption curve, but we also get a small Lorentzian peak at the rest frequency of the transition (as seen in Fig.~\ref{fig:subDopplerEx}) because the probe beam is not being absorbed by the atoms at that frequency, since the pump beam has already excited all of the atoms in the zero velocity class. Since we have hyperfine structure, there are multiple transitions within the Doppler profile. The hyperfine structure appears as multiple Lorentzians. With the transitions we measure, we expect to see three hyperfine peaks due to three hyperfine states. However, due to crossovers, we actually see six peaks. An example of the six peaks can be seen in the graph of $5^{2}S_{1/2}$ F=2 ground state to the $5^{2}P_{3/2}$ F=1, F=2, and F=3 excited states of $^{87}$Rb shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:HyperfineFits}. Crossover peaks appear midway between each of the energy levels in the atom, therefore doubling the number of peaks. Crossovers appear midway between the energy levels because there are two different velocity classes interacting with both beams at the same time, but since the pump beam has a higher intensity, it excites the electrons instead of the probe exciting them. Crossovers can sometimes appear larger than the hyperfine peaks because there are two velocity classes contributing to a crossover peak, as opposed to one velocity class contributing to hyperfine peaks. (See \cite{Melissinos_2003} pp 244-245).  \textbf{Here is \href{https://www.authorea.com/users/9932/articles/12628/_show_article}{ANOTHER tutorial}}    In your case, you needed to insert (but I have now already done it)  \begin{verbatim}  @book{Melissinos_2003,  author = {Melissinos, Adrian C. and Napolitano, Jim},  isbn = {0124898513},  publisher = {San Diego : Academic Press, c2003.},  title = {{Experiments in modern physics.}},  url = {http://libproxy.smith.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cat00321a&AN=fivecol.000716202&site=eds-live},  year = {2003},  }  \end{verbatim}  into the References section, then add something like `` See \cite{Melissinos_2003} pp 987 - 988 or whatever it is .''