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%% ****** Start of file apsguide4-1.tex ****** %  %%  %% This file is part of the APS files in the REVTeX 4.1 distribution.  %% Version 4.1r of REVTeX, August 2010.  %%  %% Copyright (c) 2009, 2010 The American Physical Society.  %%  %% See the REVTeX 4.1 README file for restrictions and more information.  %%  \documentclass[twocolumn,secnumarabic,amssymb, nobibnotes, aps, prd]{revtex4-1}  %\usepackage{acrofont}%NOTE: Comment out this line for the release version!  \newcommand{\revtex}{REV\TeX\ }  \newcommand{\classoption}[1]{\texttt{#1}}  \newcommand{\macro}[1]{\texttt{\textbackslash#1}}  \newcommand{\m}[1]{\macro{#1}}  \newcommand{\env}[1]{\texttt{#1}}  \setlength{\textheight}{9.5in}  \begin{document}  \title{APS Author Guide for \revtex~4.1\\(Version 1.0)}%  \author{The American Physical Society}%  \email[REVTeX Support: ]{[email protected]}  \affiliation{1 Research Road, Ridge, NY 11961}  \date{August 10, 2010}%  \maketitle  \tableofcontents  \section{Introduction}  Articles published in American Physical Society journals are converted to   an XML file during final journal production. Other formats such  as PDF are derived directly from the XML, which constitutes the version of record.   Even before journal production, the APS editorial process can make use  of the information in a properly prepared manuscript. Information such  as title, authors, affiliations, PACS codes, etc., can be automatically  extracted and used to populate our manuscript database. References can  also be culled, cross-checked for accuracy, and used to create a  linked version for referees and editors. Moreover, time can be saved  as referrals can be made electronically rather than by conventional  mail. Thus, a well-prepared electronic manuscript can enhance the  entire peer review process from author to reader while making the  whole process less expensive. To this end, authors should follow the  guidelines in this document when preparing their submissions to \textit{Physical Review Letters},  \textit{Reviews of Modern Physics}, \textit{Physical Review A-E}, \textit{Physical Review Special Topics - Accelerators and Beams}, and \textit{Physical Review Special Topics - Physics Education Research}.    Updated versions of this document will be made available at \url{http://authors.aps.org/revtex4/}. For more complete  descriptions of how to use the \revtex\ 4.1 macros, please see the  \textit{\revtex~4.1 Author's Guide} included with the \revtex~4.1  distribution. Questions about \revtex\ 4.1 and using it to submit to APS journals may be  emailed to \texttt{[email protected]}.  \section{Formatting}  \subsection{Preprint, reprint, and twocolumn options}  \revtex~4.1 offers a new \classoption{reprint} class option to typeset a manuscript  in a format that is a close approximation to the actual journal's appearance. It should  be emphasized that this is only an \textit{approximation}; a manuscript may be substantially different  in length or appearance after it goes through our production process. This is mostly due to the choice  of fonts and the scaling of figures.  \revtex\ 4.1 is designed to  make it straightforward to switch between two-column and single-column  formatting just by changing the class option. Authors may submit with  either the \classoption{reprint} or the \classoption{twocolumn} class options.  The \classoption{preprint} primarily does three things: It increases  the font size to 12pt, increases the line spacing, and changes the  formatting to single column.  \subsection{Paper size}  Manuscripts should be submitted to APS formatted for letter size  paper. Papers are sent electronically to referees who may  want to print them out. Letter size formatting ensures that this will  be trouble free for all referees.  \section{Marking up front matter}  Perhaps the most important macros are those   pertaining to the markup of the front matter (title, authors,  affiliations, abstract, PACS codes, etc.). Note that proper  use of the \revtex\ 4.1 macros means that explicit centering environments  in the front matter are not needed and should not be used.  \subsection{Title}  The title of the manuscript should be specified using the \m{title} macro. A  double backslash {\textbackslash\textbackslash} may be used to force a line break in a long  title.  \subsection{Authors, affiliations, and collaborations}  \label{sec:authors}  \revtex\ 4.1 makes it straightforward to markup up author names and link them up properly with affiliations. Authors should let \revtex\ 4.1 do the work of grouping authors and affiliations and, if using the superscript style, numbering affiliations. Please follow these guidelines:  \begin{itemize}  \item Use a single \m{author} macro for each author's name. \revtex\ 4.1 automatically puts in all commas and the word `and.'  \item Use the \m{surname} macro to explicitly indicate if an author's family name consists of more than one name or if the family name is not the author's last name.  \item The \m{email} macro may be used to specify an author's e-mail  address. The \m{thanks} macro must not be used for this. Only the  e-mail address itself may appear in the macro's required argument.  \item The \m{homepage} macro may be used to specify a URL associated  with an author. The \m{thanks} macro must not be used for this. Only the  URL may appear in the macro's required argument.  \item The \m{altaffiliation} macro may be used to specify an alternate  affiliation or temporary address for an author. The \m{thanks} macro  must not be used for this. Only the affiliation  may appear in the macro's required argument.  \item The \m{thanks} macro may be used only if one of the more  specific macros list above does not apply.  \item Use a single \m{affiliation} for each affiliation.  \item Superscripts linking authors to affiliations must be  accomplished using the \classoption{superscriptaddress} class option  rather than putting in explicit superscripts by hand.  \item A collaboration may be specified by using the \m{collaboration}  macro. The \m{author} macro must not be used for collaborations.  \end{itemize}  \subsection{Abstract}  The abstract must be specified using the \env{abstract}  environment. Note that in \revtex\ 4.1, the abstract must come before  the \m{maketitle} command. \revtex\ 4.1 now allows the the use of the \env{description}  environment within the abstract to provide \textit{structured abstracts}. For instance, \textit{Physical Review C} would like authors to provide abstracts with sections summarizing the paper's \textbf{Background}, \textbf{Purpose}, \textbf{Method}, \textbf{Results}, and \textbf{Conclusions}. This can be accomplished in the following manner:  \begin{verbatim}  \begin{abstract}  \begin{description}  \item[Background] This part would describe the  context needed to understand what the paper  is about.  \item[Purpose] This part would state the purpose  of the present paper.  \item[Method] This part describe the methods  used in the paper.  \item[Results] This part would summarize the  results.  \item[Conclusions] This part would state the  conclusions of the paper.  \end{description}  \end{abstract}  \end{verbatim}  \subsection{PACS codes}  If supplying suggested PACS codes, they must be supplied as a  comma-separated list using a single \m{pacs} macro.  \section{References and footnotes}  Authors are strongly encouraged  to use Bib\TeX\ when preparing their bibliographies. If Bib\TeX\ is used, current production processes  require that the \texttt{.bbl} file be included directly into the  manuscript's main \texttt{.tex} file. \revtex\ 4.1 comes with two Bib\TeX\ style files for formatting  references, one for the \textit{Physical Review} journals and one   for \textit{Review of Modern Physics}. The Bib\TeX\ styles support the optional display of journal article titles in the bibliography. To display the titles, use the \texttt{longbibliography} class option.  The following apply whether  Bib\TeX\ is used or not.   \begin{itemize}  \item Authors should use the \m{cite} and \m{bibitem} commands to create  bibliographies and to refer to items in the bibliography. ``By hand"  numbering of references should be avoided.  \item \revtex~4.1 provides new syntax for combining multiple citations into a single entry in the bibliography and for putting extra text before and after a reference. Please refer to \textit{\revtex~4.1 Author's Guide} included with the \revtex~4.1 distribution for full details.  \item Footnotes must be specified using the \m{footnote}  macro. \revtex\ 4.1 will place the footnotes in  the bibliography for the \textit{Physical Review}  journals. Please note that even if you don't use Bib\TeX, you may have to run Bib\TeX\ to get the footnotes to appear. Footnotes giving additional information about authors (such  as e-mail addresses) must not be specified using the \m{footnote}  macro (see Section~\ref{sec:authors}).  \item Avoid custom footnotes using \m{footnotemark} and \m{footnotetext} [except in the context of tables (see  Section~\ref{sec:tablenotes})].  \item References should be formatted and specified according to the  \textit{Physical Review Style Guide}. Note that using Bib\TeX\ automatically ensures this.  \item In journal styles that use superscript citations (\textit{e.g.}, Phys.~Rev.~B), use \m{onlinecite} to create references that appear on the baseline (\textit{i.e.}, Ref.~4). For superscript citations, use the proper journal class option rather than creating superscripts by hand.  \item URLs should be specified using the \m{url} macro. Bib\TeX\ will automatically take  care of this if the \texttt{url} field is used.  \item E-print identifiers should be included using the \m{eprint} macro. Bib\TeX\ will automatically take care of this if the \texttt{eprint} field is used.  \end{itemize}  \section{Body of the paper}  \subsection{Sectioning and cross-referencing}  For sectioning a manuscript, the basic rule is to use the appropriate  sectioning commands (\m{section}, \m{subsection}, \m{subsubsection},  \textit{etc.}). Cross-referencing a section must be done by using the  proper \m{label} and \m{ref} commands. Cross-referencing by hand is  not allowed. \m{part}, \m{chapter}, and \m{subparagraph} should not be  used.  \subsection{Appendices}  Appendices should be specified using the \m{appendix} command which  specifies that all following sections create with the \m{section}  commands are appendices. If there is only one appendix, then the  \m{appendix*} command should be used instead.  \subsection{Acknowledgments}  Any acknowledgments should be included by using the  \env{acknowledgments} environment. Note that in \revtex~4.1, this is  an environment and not a command.  \subsection{Counters}  No counters may be created and the standard ones may not be  altered. If an exceptional label is needed for an equation, the \m{tag}  command (requires the \classoption{amsmath} class option) should be used. Please  note that the use of the \m{tag} command may conflict with the use of the \classoption{hyperref} package  due an incompatibility between \classoption{amsmath} and \classoption{hyperref}.  \subsection{Fonts}  It is preferable to avoid the older \TeX\ and \LaTeX\ 2.09 macros for  controlling fonts such as \m{rm}, \m{it}, \textit{etc.} Rather, it is  better to use the macros introduced in \LaTeXe. If the older font  commands are used (they really should be avoided!), be sure to use  curly braces to properly limit the extent of the font  change. \verb+{\bf ...}+ is the correct method.  Commands for controlling text and math font changes are summarized in  Table~\ref{tab:fonts}.  \begin{table}  \caption{\label{tab:fonts}\LaTeXe\ and AMS-\LaTeX\ font summary.}  \begin{ruledtabular}  \begin{tabular}{lp{2in}}  \m{textit} & Italics. Replaces \m{it}\\  \m{textbf} & Bold face. Replaces \m{bf}\\  \m{textrm} & Roman. Replaces \m{rm}\\  \m{textsl} & Slanted. Replaces \m{sl}\\  \m{textsc} & Small caps. Replaces \m{sc}\\  \m{textsf} & Sans serif. Replaces \m{sf}\\  \m{texttt} & Typewriter. Replaces \m{tt}\\  \m{textmd} & Medium series\\  \m{textnormal} & Normal\\  \m{textup} & Upright\\  \m{mathbf} & Bold face\\  \m{mathcal} & Replaces \m{cal}\\  \m{mathit} & Italics\\  \m{mathnormal} & Replaces \m{mit}\\  \m{mathsf} & Sans serif\\  \m{mathtt} & Typewriter\\  \m{mathfrak} & Fraktur: Requires \classoption{amsfonts} or \classoption{amssymb} class option\\  \m{mathbb} & Bold blackboard: Requires \classoption{amsfonts} or \classoption{amssymb} class option\\  \m{bm} & Bold Greek and other math symbols: Requires  \verb+\usepackage{bm}+ and may require the \classoption{amsfonts} class  option  \end{tabular}  \end{ruledtabular}  \end{table}  Bold Greek letters and other bold math symbols should be accomplished  with the use of \texttt{bm.sty} which is distributed as a required  tool with the latest versions of \LaTeXe\ and should be loaded via  \verb+\usepackage{bm}+. This package introduces the \m{bm}  macro. Some bold characters may require using the  \classoption{amsfonts} class option.  New fonts may not be declared with \m{newfont}. Font attribute  commands for selecting a font family, shape, and series are all  disallowed; the standard \LaTeXe\ font selection macros list above  should be used instead.  Finally, the \m{symbol} macro is also not allowed.  \subsection{Environments}  \subsubsection{Lists}  The standard list environments \texttt{itemize}, \texttt{enumerate},  and \texttt{description} are allowed. The \m{item} macro with or without  the optional argument is also allowed. Customization of the list environments  (with macros such as \m{labelstyle}, \m{labelitemi}, \m{labelenumi},  \m{itemsep}, etc.) is allowed but may be ignored in production.  Generalized lists (\m{begin\{list\}}) and trivial lists  (\m{begin\{trivlist\}}) are not allowed.  \subsubsection{Other Environments}  Creating generalized new environments with \m{newenvironment} is not  allowed. Creating a new theorem environment with \m{newtheorem} is  allowed though.  The tabbing environment and the macros \m{=}, \m{$>$}, \m{`}, and  \m{'} are allowed but may be ignored in production. Conversion  programs used in production should recognize the escapes \m{a=},  \m{a'}, and \m{a`} for using the corresponding accents within a  tabbing environment though.  The \env{verbatim} environment is allowed.  \subsection{Boxes}  Most boxes and macros to manipulate them are not allowed. These  include \m{raisebox}, \m{parbox}, \m{minipage}, \m{rulebox},  \m{framebox}, \m{mbox}, \m{fbox}, \m{savebox}, \m{newsavebox},  \m{sbox}, \m{usebox}, and the environment \m{begin\{lrbox\}}. Rules  produced with \m{rule} are not allowed.  \subsubsection{Margin Notes}  Margin notes created with \m{marginpar} are not allowed, as are the  associated style parameters \m{marginparwidth}, \m{marginparsep}, and  \m{marginparpush}.  \section{Math Markup}  In general, all math markup and the standard math environments from  \LaTeXe\ are allowed. These include \m{begin\{math\}},  \m{begin\{displaymath\}}, \m{begin\{equation\}},  \m{begin\{eqnarray\}}, and \m{begin\{eqnarray*\}}. The shortcuts \$,  \$\$, \m{[}, and \m{]} are allowed. In addition, authors may use  almost all of the additional markup introduced by AMS-\LaTeX\ by using  the \classoption{amsmath} class option. The explicit exceptions are  \m{genfrac}, \m{boxed}, and \m{smash}. The markup contained in  \texttt{amsextra} and \texttt{amsthm} may not be used  though. Commutative diagrams created with the \texttt{amscd} package  are acceptable.  \section{Figures}  \subsection{Figure inclusions}  Figures should be included into a \revtex~4.1 manuscript by using the  standard \LaTeXe\ macros. \LaTeXe\ includes  several powerful packages for including the files in various  formats. The two main packages are \texttt{graphics} and  \texttt{graphicx}. Both offer a macro called  \m{includegraphics};  they mainly differ in how arguments for  controlling figure placement (\textit{e.g.}, scaling and rotation)  are passed to the \m{includegraphics}.  The \env{figure} environment should be used to add a caption to the  figure and to allow \LaTeX\ to number and place the figures where they  fit best. If a figure needs to be referred to in the text,  rather than manually numbering the figures a \m{label} should be added  to the figure environment (best practice is to put the label within  the argument of the \m{caption} command) and the \m{ref} macro should be used to  reference this label. Figures that span the page should use the  \m{figure*} environment. The \env{picture} environment must not be  used directly (one can include an Encapsulated PostScript figure that  was produced using the \env{picture} environment of course).  \subsection{\label{sec:figplace}Figure placement}  Figures should be placed as close as possible to the point where they are first  referenced. There is no need to place all figures  separately at the end of the manuscript and it is preferred that  authors leave the figures in their natural locations. Authors may  also find useful the \revtex~4.1 \classoption{floatfix} class option  which adds emergency float placement processing to avoid ``stuck''  floats which would otherwise be deferred to the end of the job (and  can lead to the fatal \texttt{``Too many unprocessed floats''}  message).  \section{Tables}  \label{sec:tables}  The standard \LaTeXe\ table formatting environments are supported as is  the use of the \texttt{longtable} package. Tables may be reformatted  during production to meet APS style guidelines.  Here are some helpful hints for trying to get tables formatted correctly:  \begin{itemize}  \item Use the \texttt{longtable} package to get tables to break  across pages.  \item The macro \m{squeezetable} will reduce the font size of the  table. This macro must occur within a group outside the table  environment. The proper markup is:  \begin{verbatim}  \begingroup  \squeezetable  \begin{table}  ...  \end{table}  \endgroup  \end{verbatim}  \item Try using the float placement option \texttt{H} which will  enable \LaTeX\ to break a float across pages. Long tables are more  attractively set with \env{longtable} however.  \begin{verbatim}  \begin{table}[H]  \begin{ruledtabular}  \begin{tabular}  ...  \end{tabular}  \end{ruledtabular}  \end{table}  \end{verbatim}  \end{itemize}  \subsection{Doubled rules and table formatting}  \revtex\ 4.1 provides the \env{ruledtabular} environment which  automatically puts the scotch rules (double lines) around tables and  formats all enclosed \env{tabular} environments to the full width of  the tables and improves inter-column spacing. This environment should  be used whenever possible.  \subsection{Wide tables}  When typesetting using \classoption{twocolumn}, tables can either span  a single column or both columns. Using the '\verb+*+'-ed version of  the \env{table} or \env{longtable} environments produces wide tables  that span the columns.  Tables that are very wide and that may be better typeset in a  landscape orientation (rotated 90 degrees) should be enclosed in a  \env{turnpage} environment. This will place the rotated table on its own  page. Note that some dvi previewers may not be able to show the table  properly, but \texttt{dvips} and \texttt{pdflatex} work correctly.  \subsection{Table placement}  Tables should be placed as close as possible to the point where they  are first referenced. There is no need to place all tables separately  at the end of the manuscript and this is not desirable for APS  purposes. The class option \classoption{floatfix} may be helpful for  table placement as well as figure placement (see Section~\ref{sec:figplace}).  \subsection{Aligning columns on a decimal point}  The standard \LaTeXe\ macro package \classoption{dcolumn} should be  used to accomplish this.  \subsection{Tablenotes}  \label{sec:tablenotes}  Footnotes in tables (tablenotes) should use the \m{footnote}  macro. However, if more than one reference to the same footnote is  needed, authors may use \m{footnotetext} and \m{footnotemark}. This  will produce notes (labeled by lower-case roman letters) inserted  below the table rather than in the reference section or at the bottom  of the page.  \section{Author-defined macros}  Authors may define convenience macros to save keystrokes. This means  that the macros may not invoke \TeX\ macros such as \m{if} or other  context dependent commands. Also, \LaTeXe\ provides three macros for  declaring new commands: \m{providecommand}, \m{newcommand}, and  \m{renewcommand} (as well as their `\verb+*+'-ed versions). These  should be used. Authors may not use \TeX\relax's low-level commands  \m{def}, \m{edef}, and \m{gdef}.  \section{Summary}  To ensure the best use of \TeX\ manuscripts, authors need to follow  the guidelines specified here. Use of low-level formatting commands to  finely control horizontal and vertical spacing may be ignored during  production, or even worse, make it impossible to convert the  manuscript to XML. Authors should keep  things as simple as possible and correctly use the proper \revtex~4.1  or \LaTeXe\ macros. Any questions about usage may be directed to  \texttt{[email protected]}.  \end{document}