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# Adding Treatments and Managements  ## Treatments  Treatments provide a description of a study’s  treatments. Any specific information such as rate of fertilizer  application should be recorded in the managements table. In  general, managements are recorded when Yield data is collected, but not  when only Trait data is collected.  **When not to use treatment**: predictor variables that are not based on distinct managements, or that are distinguished by information already contained in the trait (e.g. site, cultivar, date fields) should not be given distinct treatments. For example, a study that compares two different species, cultivars or genotypes can be assigned the same control treatment; these categories will be distinguished by the species or cultivar field. Another example is when the observation is made at two sites: the site field will include this information.   * A treatment name is used as a categorical (rather than continuous)  variable: it should be easy to find the treatment in the paper based on  the name in the database. The treatment name does not have to indicate  the level of treatment used in a particular treatment - this information  will be included in the management table.  * It is essential that a control group is identified with each study. If  there is no experimental manipulation, then there is only one treatment. In  this case, the treatment should be named 'observational' and listed as  control. To determine the control when it is not explicitly stated, first  determine if one of the treatments is most like a background condition  or how a system would be in its non-experimental state. In the case of  crops, this could be how a farmer would be most likely to treat a crop.  **Name**: indicates type of treatment; it should be easy for anyone with the  original paper to be able to identify the treatment from its name.   **Control**: make sure to indicate if the treatment is the study 'control' by  selecting true or false   **Definition**: indicates the specifics of the treatment. It is useful for  identification purposes to use a quantified description of the  treatment even though this information can only be used for analysis  when entered as a management.       ## Managements  Managements refers to something that occurs at a specific time and has a  quantity. Managements include actions that are done to a plant or  ecosystem, such as the planting density or rate of fertilization, for example.  Managements are distinct from treatments in that a treatment is used to  categorically identify an experimental treatment, whereas a management  is used to describe what has been done.  Managements are the way a treatment becomes quantified. Each treatment  is often associated with multiple managements. The combination of  managements associated with a particular treatment will distinguish it  from other treatments. The management types that can be entered into  BETY are described in [Table 3](#Table 3).  Each management may be associated with one or more treatments. For  example, in a fertilization experiment, planting, irrigation, and  herbicide managements would be applied to all plots but the  fertilization will be specific to a treatment. For a multi-year  experiment, there may be multiple entries for the same type of  management, reflecting, for example, repeated applications of herbicide  or fertilizer (for example, see [Figure 6](#Figure 6)).  *note:* At present, managements are recorded for Yields but not for  Traits, unless specifically required by the data or project manager.  To associate a management with multiple treatments, first create the  management, then edit the management and add treatment relationships.  **Dateloc**: date level of confidence, explained in [Adding a Trait](#Section_5.5) and defined in [Table 6](#Table 6)   **Mgmttype**: the name of the management being used. A list of standardized  management types can be found in [Table 3](#Table 3)   **Level**: a quantification of mgmttype   **Units**: refers to the units of the level. Units should be converted to those  in [Table 3](#Table 3)     **Figure 6**: [Form for entering and editing relationships between treatments and managements](https://www.betydb.org/treatments)