Anisha Keshavan edited sectionBackground__s.tex  about 8 years ago

Commit id: 879839230210c0738c7eb4b8bc7708c92834e106

deletions | additions      

       

\section{Background}  Functional MRI tasks have shown regions of abnormal activity from MS patients compared to controls \cite{cader2006reduced}, suggestive of adaptive or maladaptive mechanisms to damage. In a study of lower motor disease severity and its relationship to task activity, researchers found that increased ipsalateral ipsilateral  activation on a motor task \cite{} was related to decreased lower motor disease severity. This could signify that neurons are recruited from the part of the corticospinal tract that does not cross over. However, task-fMRI results may be influenced by performance in the scanner \cite{rsfmri_ms_review}, and therefore, resting state fMRI-derived metrics are preferred due to better standardization, especially for patients with higher disability status. The BOLD fluctuations of the brain at rest are organized in networks, which are synchronous, spatially distinct regions. In healthy controls, Yeo and colleagues found 7 stable networks, with each network responsible for different tasks \cite{yeo2011organization}. These networks are the visual, sensorimotor, dorsal attention, ventral attention, limbic, frontoparietal and the default mode. Of these networks, the default mode network (DMN) has been the most studied (for a review, see \cite{raichle2007default}). Alterations in the default mode network have been detected in many neurological and psychiatric diseases, such as Alzheimers \cite{greicius2004default}, depression \cite{sheline2009default}, schizophrenia\cite{garrity2007aberrant}, Parkinson's disease \cite{van2009dysfunction}, and multiple sclerosis \cite{bonavita2011}.