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David Coil edited Introduction_From_2012_2014_we__.md
over 8 years ago
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#Introduction
From 2012-2014 we conducted a nationwide citizen science project, Project MERCCURI [http://spacemicrobes.org/](http://spacemicrobes.org/), aimed at raising public awareness of microbiology and research on board the International Space Station (ISS). Project MERCCURI (Microbial Ecology Research Combining Citizen and University Researchers on the ISS)
is was a collaborative effort involved the "microbiology of the Built Environmnet network" (microBEnet), Science Cheerleader, NanoRacks, Space Florida, and Scistarter.com. One of the primary goals was to examine how a number of non-pathogenic, built environment associated
microbes bacteria would grow on board the ISS compared to on earth.
Most previous work
of this nature growing bacteria in space has focused on pathogens (e.g. E.coli \cite{9043122}
\cite{12521048} and Pseudomonas \cite{21169425} \cite{24192060}) , and much less attention has been paid to the "normal" microbes that surround us. An understandable bias towards pathogens and pathogenic pathways is highlighted by work on topics such as biofilm formation (\cite{23658630}, \cite{11179638}), antibiotic resistance/production (\cite{16091928}, \cite{11543359}, \cite{12483468} reviewed in \cite{16460819}), and virulence (\cite{10816456}, \cite{24283929}). Exceptions include work on
bacterial strains isolated from either the ISS or the Russian MIR station: e.g. \cite{19572210}.
However, recent work has shown While concern about pathogens in spacecraft is certainly warranted, it should be emphasized that the
importance of considering all ability of
a pathogen to survive outside a host and the ability to infect a host are both dependant on the
existing community of microbes
present in
those locations. For example, mechanically ventilated hospital air shows a
system, be that much higher abundance of potential pathogens (REF), presumably due to the
built environment (reviewed in ???) lack of inflow or
within a human being (reviewed competition from other microbes. Similarly, the infectivvity of some pathogens has been shown to be very dependent on the host microbiome (REFS). Therefore, it is important to understand the entire microbial ecosystem of spacecraft, and in
??). recent years several culture-independent studies have examined the microbiome of the ISS (\cite{14749908}, \cite{24695826}, \cite{19845447}, \cite{Moissl_2007}), including another part of Project MERCCURI (REF).
Samples from human-associated surfaces (e.g. toilets, doorknobs, railings, floors, etc.) were collected at a variety of locations around the United States, usually in collaboration with the public.
Project MERCCURI (Microbial Ecology Research Combining Citizen and University Researchers on the ISS) However, it is
a collaborative effort involved also important to understand the
"microbiology existing microbiome of
a location, whether a building or a person. Recent work has highlighted the
Built Environmnet network" (microBEnet), Science Cheerleader, NanoRacks, Space Florida, and Scistarter.com. Other parts importance of
Project MERCCURI include considering all the microbes present in a
project studying system (REFS)
However, recent work has highlighted the
growth importance of considering all of
cultured the microbes
on present in a system, be that the
ISS and built environment (reviewed in ???) or within a
project examining human being (reviewed in ??). The composition of the existing microbiome affects the
diversity susceptibility of
microbes on cells phones a person to pathogens (REFS) and
shoes a similar effect can be seen in buildings. For example, when ventilation is limited in a hospital the air contains a much higher level of potential pathogens
Samples from
public participants are diverse events human-associated surfaces (e.g. toilets, doorknobs, railings, floors, etc.) were collected at a variety of locations around the United
States. He we focus solely on the microbial survey of surfaces onboard States, usually in collaboration with the
ISS. public.