Joe Corneli tuning language about our contribution  about 9 years ago

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@inproceedings{mendoncca2008unsought,  title={Unsought innovation: serendipity in organizations},  author={Mendon{\c{c}}a, Sandro and Cunha, Miguel Pina E and Clegg, Stewart R},  booktitle={Conference paper presented at the 25th annual Celebration conference “Enterpreneurship and Innovation--Organizations, Institutions, Systems and Regions”, Copenhagen},  year={2008}  }  @article{rubin2010everyday,  title={Everyday serendipity as described in social media},  author={Rubin, Victoria L and Burkell, Jacquelyn and Quan-Haase, Anabel}, 

@article{landovitz2013epidemiology,  title={Epidemiology, sexual risk behavior, and HIV {HIV}  prevention practices of men who have sex with men using GRINDR {GRINDR}  in Los Angeles, California}, author={Landovitz, Raphael J and Tseng, Chi-Hong and Weissman, Matthew and Haymer, Michael and Mendenhall, Brett and Rogers, Kathryn and Veniegas, Rosemary and Gorbach, Pamina M and Reback, Cathy J and Shoptaw, Steven},  journal={Journal of Urban Health},  volume={90}, 

publisher={IEEE}  }  @article{tce-postits,  Author = {Flavell-While, Claudia},  Journal = {The Chemical Engineer},  Month = {August},  Pages = {53--55},  Title = {{S}pencer {S}ilver and {A}rthur {F}ry: the chemist and the tinkerer who created the {P}ost-it {N}ote},  Year = {2012}}  @misc{ wiki:velcro,  author = "Wikipedia",  title = "George de {M}estral --- {W}ikipedia{,} {T}he {F}ree {E}ncyclopedia",         

Serendipity relies on a reassessment or reevaluation -- a \emph{focus shift} in which something that was previously uninteresting, of neutral, or even negative value, becomes interesting.  \begin{itemize}  \item \textbf{Focus shift}: ``\emph{After removing several of George de Mestral, an electrical engineer  by training, and an experienced inventor, returned from a hunting  trip in  the Alps. He removed several  burdock burrs (seeds) that kept sticking to from  his clothes and his dog's fur,}~[de Mestral]~\emph{became fur and became  curious as to about  how it they  worked. He examined After  examining  them under a microscope, and noted hundreds of  `hooks' that caught on anything with a loop, such as clothing,  animal fur, or hair. He saw he realised  the possibility of binding two materials  reversibly creating a new kind of fastener that worked  in a simple fashion, if he could figure out how to  duplicate the hooks and loops.}''~\cite{wiki:velcro} similar  fashion.~\cite[p. x]{roberts}  \end{itemize}  \subsubsection*{Components of serendipity}         

It is important to note that serendipity is usually discussed within  the context of \emph{discovery}, rather than \emph{creativity},  although in typical parlance these terms are closely related  \cite{jordanous12jims}. In our the  definition of serendipity, serendipity that  we have  made present in Section \ref{sec:our-model}, we make  use of Henri Bergson's distinction: \begin{quote}  ``\emph{Discovery, or uncovering, has to do with what already exists,  actually or virtually; it was therefore certain to happen sooner 

\citeA{creativity-crisis} write that: ``To be creative requires  divergent thinking (generating many unique ideas) and then convergent  thinking (combining those ideas into the best result).'' This is  exemplified by Voltaire's \citeyear{zadig} character Zadig (a figure inspired in part by the ``The Three Princes of Serendip''\footnote{\citeA[p. 19]{merton}.}) who ``was capable of discerning a Thousand Variations in visible Objects, that others, less  curious, imagin’d were all alike'' -- and in addition had while also possessing  the ``peculiar Talent to complementary talent ``to  render Truth as obvious as possible: Whereas most Men study to render it intricate and obscure.''        

First, in  Section \ref{sec:literature-review}, we survey the broad literature on  serendipity, and examine prior applications of the concept of serendipity in a computing context. Then in Section \ref{sec:background} \ref{sec:our-model}  we present our formal definition of serendipity, drawing connections with historical examples   and presenting standards for evaluation. Section  \ref{sec:computational-serendipity} presents computational case studies and         

\section{Our computational model of serendipity} \label{sec:background} \label{sec:our-model}  Summarising the criteria discussed earlier, we propose the following  definition, expressed in two phases: discovery and invention. The         

questions} from the author, the commentators may make {\tt replies}  to offer clarification.  %\footnote{We return to discuss further work with Writers Workshops and serendipity in Section \ref{sec:futurework}.}  This is how these steps map into the diagram we introduced in Section \ref{sec:background}: \ref{sec:our-model}:  \input{ww-schematic-tikz}